57 20 1145 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/be0142da007d42d20bac89085b74c026.jpg 86578478265c0aac3eb3e322fa3e217d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sarsaparilla Bottle Fragment Description An account of the resource From the letters embossed on the side of this fragment (PARIL), we can conclude that this is a Sarsaparilla remedy bottle which boomed in popularity in colonial 19th century. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo Credit: David Ryan https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c77bd6ebb250fb6ef348640e77eb490e.png 968e890c7b36d1ede05a3bb9e57ad0fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 19th century advertisement for common remedies Description An account of the resource The medicine industry began to boom in New England in the 19th century with profits being used to advertise the more affluent population using their product. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/Patent_Medicine.pdf https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/fa2e8770ad2d5894b63bbea4447be27e.jpg 8c403ae0d67f95055466e3952c019564 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A complete Dalton's Sarsaparilla Bottle from the 19th century Description An account of the resource Sarsaparilla was a commonly distributed remedy in the 19th century for diseases such as dyspepsia, typhoid and cholera that home treatments couldn't cure with Dalton's being a renowned producer in New England. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://sha.org/bottle/Typing/medicine/daltons.jpg Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name Sarsaparilla bottle fragment Inventory Description Sarsaparilla bottle fragment Peabody Number 2016.29.807 Intrasite H932 Level 2 Depth 67-96 Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Colorless bottle glass Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.5 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 4 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sarsaparilla bottle fragment Description An account of the resource Hello, my name is Isaac Emerson and I am currently a first year student at Harvard College. I followed in my father’s footsteps by studying at Cambridge, although, right now I’m struggling to see myself earning my diploma. See, soon upon my arrival at Harvard I contracted dyspepsia, a common illness at the present. It coincided with my recent poor diet due to my family suffering from financial difficulties. Luckily I was able to obtain Sarsaparilla remedy from a doctor who regularly travelled to the college. However, I am worried that I’m not going to be able to afford this professional medical care and the expensive medicine for too much longer. The mother of the family generally provides routine health care, which has meant that the poorer students that I have met who have also fallen ill have been forced to return home so that they can be treated with less expensive home remedies. As I writhed with the pain in my stomach last night, I reached for my Sarsaparilla bottle but knocked it over, smashing it in the process. The industry for medicine has become hugely profit driven. I can even see, from my bedroom window, an advertisement of a man sitting in a lavish chair, eating from fine porcelain while pouring Sarsaparilla into his glass! It seems like medicine is being made for the rich, not the sick these days. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Baker, Perry. "Patent Medicine: Cures and Quacks" Pilgrim Society and Pilgrim Hall Museum. http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/Patent_Medicine.pdf Society for Historical Archaeology. "Medicinal/Chemical/Druggist Bottles" https://sha.org/bottle/medicinal.htm#Sarsaparilla 19 bottle glass medicine https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b620690068ccc49863909b571c7715e4.jpg 99e5c8388cc701d6c427af562893df68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph taken and edited by Rachel Harner. Caption: Sivilich, Daniel. "How to Identify Revolutionary War Musket Balls." Sciencing, 2017. http://sciencing.com/identify-revolutionary-war-musket-balls-7633630.html Title A name given to the resource The light color of this musket ball is due to a natural buildup of lead carbonates, sulfides and oxides over time, which helps confirm its age and material composition. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a5db2312021ef2eecbe126e1411c8eb1.jpg 95a3e2ad6d75e430dc95043f3c0e4351 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Painting: "A Perspective View of an Encampment" by Bowles & Carver, 1780. Caption: Ireland, Corydon. "Harvard's year of exile." Harvard Gazette, 2011. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/10/harvards-year-of-exile/ Title A name given to the resource Continental soldiers were housed at Harvard during the Revolutionary War while classes were relocated to Concord. Dorms, academic buildings, and even canvas tents in the Yard served as makeshift barracks. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e96b056110ef712d04750b1ceab870bf.jpg 558e29c9bce09f8986f2504fce49fe2e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource These Redcoat reenactors hold reproductions of the “Brown Bess” flintlock musket, the most common British weapon. Revolutionaries also used flintlock muskets made in small Colonial factories or stolen from the British. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Durham, J. Lloyd. "Outfitting an American Revolutionary Soldier." Tar Heel Junior Historian, 1992. http://www.ncpedia.org/history/usrevolution/soldiers Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name Lead Shot Peabody Number 2016.29.564 Intrasite H942, Level 4 Depth Level 4, 70-80cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Arms Class 3 Ammunition Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object NA Width (cm) Dimension of Object NA Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.9cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 18th Century Lead Musket Ball Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burke, Kathryn. "Letters of the Revolutionary War." Smithsonian National Postal Museum, 2017. https://postalmuseum.si.edu/letterwriting/lw02.html Hume, Ivor. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969. Ireland, Corydon. "Harvard's year of exile." Harvard Gazette, 2011. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/10/harvards-year-of-exile/ O'Rourke, Brigid. "Harvard honors its military past with tour." Harvard Gazette, 2015. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/12/harvard-honors-its-military-past-with-tour/ Sivilich, Daniel. "How to Identify Revolutionary War Musket Balls." Sciencing, 2017. http://sciencing.com/identify-revolutionary-war-musket-balls-7633630.html Sydney Living Museums. "How musket balls are made." Youtube, 2014. https://youtu.be/iz3NZ6dL-e0 Subject The topic of the resource Fictional recreation (2017) of the context of this musket ball based on the sources cited below June 15, 1775 Dearest Temperance, I cannot write much but I endeavor to give you a glimpse of what life is like in Cambridge. As the General’s secretary, my bed is in one of the rooming halls, but many of the enlisted men sleep outside in tents where I often hear them laughing and singing into the night. They have started to construct a blockade to the east of camp in case of an ambush, though we have scarce seen a Redcoat since arriving. There have been whispers of an ammunition shortage so the General ordered the removal of all the doorknobs and hinges to be melted into musket balls. There are rumors the roof of the College hall is next. It is my responsibility to keep a careful record of all camp supplies so I spent several hours this morning sorting the ammunition. While I was in the tent I heard a shot and ran outside to find two soldiers competing to see who could fire his musket the fastest. The General halved their rations for the week and told all assembled they could expect the same if they were caught wasting supplies. I will have Ezekiel deliver this letter when he rides into town tomorrow with the General’s correspondence. Please do not hasten a reply; your acceptance of this humble rumination is all the acknowledgement I need. Yours, Elias 18 metal https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/3d1fc7083c794e0a9291e2501857a5e5.jpg b2ff7412ceb14dacd31167cf6fa7a271 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/0e7241e2f53b80e330a9dfd5c3c1d873.png a7b92d7927cceb9aebb255563cbae218 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bellarmine Bottle from Towne Neck. It is hypothesized that the sherd we excavated came from a Bellarmine bottle such as this. Description An account of the resource An example of a bellarmine bottle found in Towne Neck with a medallion imprinted on its body. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/6b7efdb47694a43d016ab0012f2815ee.png de2de1b8fc49d237e7068777aadc057a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This 17th century dining hall menu shows very European food choices such as brisket, pudding, bread and beer. Description An account of the resource This 17th century dining hall menu shows very European food choices such as brisket, pudding, bread and beer. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/bae9dae81ec591581208713fbb88cafc.png ad52d9fc5926c0b2d61afd77fcac9be9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A page from the Butler's handbook where he documented food and drink that was served in the dining hall Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name Rhenish Stoneware: Bellarmine Bottle Inventory Description stoneware body sherd Peabody Number 2016.29.719 Culture/Period 19th century Intrasite H938 Depth Level 2 (62-71) Class 1 ceramic Class 2 body Class 3 sherd Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rhenish Stoneware: Bellarmine Bottle Description An account of the resource Background: The website, Diagnostic Artifacts of Maryland, allows us to conclude that the artifact that we excavated is a German brown salt glaze stoneware with iron oxide slip from the 17th century (Image 1). This is most likely from the neck of a bellarmine bottle because it has the shape of a bellarmine bottleneck (Artifacts of Colonial Maryland). Bellarmine bottles were used primarily for storage, service and consumption, and sanitary purposes. Rhenish stoneware has a direct connection to colonialism because medallions of different king of England, such as King George, were often imprinted on the bellarmine bottle’s body (Image 2). Journal entry: I began my day at breakfast where I consumed milk that was stored in a bellarmine bottle, along with a few biscuits. Most of our food and drink here at Harvard has a European influence, for example we often eat scones and biscuits (Image 3). While people left Europe to escape some traditional European values such as the protestant religion, there is still a heavy colonial influence here in America. In fact, my professors will often travel to Europe to present their work. One of my professors, John Winthrop, presented his scientific and astronomical work to the Royal Society and to the larger scientific community of England. From seals on our bellarmine bottle that are stamped with names of English Kings, to our academics, it is clear that many facets of our life here at Harvard are heavily influenced by Europe and that we maintain colonial ties to Europe. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/ColonialCeramics/ColonialWare-thumbnails/rhenish_stoneware_images.htm#armorial-heraldicmedallion http://hul.harvard.edu/lib/archives/h1718/pages/history.html 17 18 bellarmine bottle rhenish stoneware https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f632eab0c5e6317ae95eb63b18ad191c.jpg 444f6da10e591dcc2ab7bd14ff9eca7a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Subject The topic of the resource This lead glaze is consistent with the glazing patterns found on colonial pipkins more generally. A uniform lead glaze was typically applied on the exterior, everywhere except the bottom of the vessel (which would have been directly over the heat source). https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d050766023aa718b0066cbb3d47fe3b0.jpg 2829e996403f6b0a2a05d340a8d15a14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Subject The topic of the resource The coarse breakage pattern shows that the red clay with which this vessel was made was relatively unrefined. This suggests that it was domestically produced, as basic pottery was not valuable enough to import. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b68dad3d3ec5af1eff55213e3d806b3c.jpg d72f83bfe1c6d6c9c6bd181e26d45520 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Subject The topic of the resource Pipkins had three feet, of which this would have been one. They were usually short and knob shaped, and elevated the vessel over the surface of the wood stove. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e7308b9a785048b6aabce5615e233862.jpg 356e3591b63181af51859f3902be0dd7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Floor Plan Description An account of the resource The Old College building was multipurpose, with spaces for dining as well as meeting and instruction. Cooking space was probably on the western side of the building, where this sherd was found. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Morison, Samuel Eliot. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936. Belknap Press, Reprint ed., 2006. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f2af53bcd62f6dee5be16de4a033a5ec.jpg 40f16e78584bfd12e0bd264c41072b23 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Harvard Yard Description An account of the resource A map of Harvard Yard shows the 2016 excavation area in relation to the probably location of the Old College. The cooking and dining areas would have been on the western half of the building, just south of the excavation. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Loren, Diana and Capone, Patricia. "Lecture 1 2016–Introduction." Anthro 1130, September 2016. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/8525aa563fd67b9e24f310714f388458.png 0465b35f7efd98317a2a5fe0c17bc4b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pipkin Description An account of the resource This 17th Century lead-glazed redware pipkin was produced in Essex, England and found on the colonial Jamestown site. Similar objects would have been used in Harvard Yard. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Historic Jamestowne. 2017. “Essex Post-Medieval Fine Redware.” Jamestown Rediscovery, accessed April 29, 2017. http://historicjamestowne.org/collections/ceramics-research-group/essex-post-medieval-fine-redware/ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name Redware Foot of Bowl Inventory Description Redware foot of a bowl, likely a pipkin. Peabody Number 2016.26.507 Culture/Period 17th Century Intrasite H933 Level 4 Depth 76-86cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Sherd Class 3 Base Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4.3 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 3.9 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 3.7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Redware Foot of Bowl Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Crews, Ed. 2004. "Colonial Foodways." Colonial Williamsburg Journal, Autumn. Accessed April 29. http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/autumn04/food.cfm Historic Jamestowne. 2017. “Essex Post-Medieval Fine Redware.” Jamestown Rediscovery, accessed April 29, 2017. http://historicjamestowne.org/collections/ceramics-research-group/essex-post-medieval-fine-redware/ Hume, Ivor Noël. 1969. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Knopf. Subject The topic of the resource Colonial foodways were very different from how we eat now. Because no refrigeration was available, meals depended on what was in season, and raw fruits and vegetables were not popular. Dinner, the main meal of the day, was consumed in the afternoon. Food contained high levels of grease, seasoning, and sweetener by modern standards (Crews). At 17th Century Harvard College, all student meals would have been prepared and eaten in the Old College building in Harvard Yard. Pipkins (colonial cooking pots) were mainly used for everyday cooking activities and placed over a wood stove during food preparation–hence their footed structure. Typically made from redware, pipkins were usually lead-glazed except for the base exterior (Historic Jamestowne). The lack of decoration on this sherd supports the hypothesis that the vessel was a utilitarian piece, used in everyday cooking. This sherd is relatively unrefined, as evidenced by the coarse pattern along which it appears to have broken. The quality of the clay suggests that the piece was domestically produced, as local quality was much lower than that of imports (Hume 99). We can infer that this piece most likely dates to the 17th century due to positive identifications of other artifacts found at the same depth, including pipe stems and glassware. 17 ceramic redware https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/0053d766156ffa6e605523343e8c8e09.jpg dcaaea32379721799ebe45d56ce0bf1d https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d2e840adc22f07d2271b3401984feaaf.jpg 104e59f346f00c63163515e8f9d8972e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Engraving of the New England Glass Company, 1851. A passer-by in the mid-19th century remarked on the imposing presence of the Glass Company, saying the chimney reached an "astounding height, exceeding that of the Bunker Hill Monument." Citation: Toledo Museum of Art 1963 The New England Glass Company, 1818-1888. Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Accessed April 4, 2017. Pp. 8-9. https://archive.org/details/newenglandglassc00tole https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f2eef073c284eb67aa0df7e75c07774f.jpg d67d1614b5175e367ac3e9bf85bff49c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The New England Glass Company's Showroom. Here, one can see the extent of the Glass Company's decorative offerings. They also made items for commercial and domestic use. Citation: Toledo Museum of Art 1963 The New England Glass Company, 1818-1888. Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Accessed April 4, 2017. P. 6. https://archive.org/details/newenglandglassc00tole https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c4b46bfb13c6371b66cfbe780a97e8a1.jpg 75fd940871a2bbdf632923dd3080abc0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The New England Glass Company Furnaces. This depiction of the furnaces at the New England Glass Company relays the size of the factory. It was the top employer in Cambridge in 1845 and 1855. Citations: Cambridge Historical Society. 1997 Cambridge on the Cutting Edge. Cambridge Historical Society, Cambridge. Accessed April 4, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20101211113328/http://cambridgehistory.org/NE_Glass_history.htm Toledo Museum of Art 1963 The New England Glass Company, 1818-1888. Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Accessed April 4, 2017. https://archive.org/details/newenglandglassc00tole https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a82849722123347eb11aa70d251e1c32.png 0a925e545d0edf78508e1b186ceabcf0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pressed Glass Dish from The New England Glass Company. One can see the beauty of pressed glass. It was not ideal for bottles, however, because the plunger pressing the glass against the mold could not reach the top of the bottle. Most pressed glass objects were more open and thicker than mold-blown bottles would be. Citation: Toledo Museum of Art 1963 The New England Glass Company, 1818-1888. Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Accessed April 4, 2017. P. 55. https://archive.org/details/newenglandglassc00tole Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Blue Cambridge Apothecary Bottle Sherd Inventory Description Mold-blown cobalt blue glass, letters on one side as follows: [...]ILE[...] / [...]GGIS[...] / [...]BRIDGE[...]. Concave letters on one side indicate hand-blowing. Peabody Number 2016.29.121 Intrasite H939, Level 1 Depth 45-53cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Blue Bottle Glass Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4.5cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 5.5cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .4cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manufacturing in Cambridge: A Locally-Made Apothecary Bottle? Subject The topic of the resource This brilliant blue glass sherd was part of a bottle of medicine labeled with parts of the words “Druggist” and “Cambridge,” as well as (presumably) the druggist’s name. Only the letters “ILE” are visible on the top line. Cambridge was a manufacturing center in the 19th century, and in particular a leader in the glass industry. One of the top employers was the New England Glass Company, established in 1818 (Cambridge Historical Society). Though most of its production was “flint glass” rather than apothecary bottles such as this one, this company was the site of a critical invention: in 1827, a worker named Robinson invented the “pressing mould,” involved spreading molten glass into a mold with a plunger (Cavanaugh 38). This was the later of two 19th century innovations that made glass production far less expensive. The earlier method was blowing glass into a mold, which was practiced at the factory as early as 1819 (Toledo Museum of Art 18). This method was more appropriate for bottle making. This bottle’s mold would have had four side plates that would butterfly up, and one of these sides would be replaceable with a plate that embossed the desired text. Because of the ease of the interchangeable plate in blowing glass, it is possible that this bottle was not made in Cambridge. However, the presence of one of the east coast’s largest glass factories in the same city as the apothecary hints at the possibility that this blue bottle was molded locally. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliography Cambridge Historical Society. 1997 Cambridge on the Cutting Edge. Cambridge Historical Society, Cambridge. Accessed April 4, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20101211113328/http://cambridgehistory.org/NE_Glass_history.htm Cavanaugh, Doris Hayes 1926 Early Glass Making in East Cambridge. Paper presented at 1926 meeting of the Cambridge Historical Society, pg. 32-45. Electronic document, http://www.cambridgehistory.org/content/early-glass-making-east-cambridge. Accessed April 4, 2017. Toledo Museum of Art 1963 The New England Glass Company, 1818-1888. Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio. Accessed April 4, 2017. https://archive.org/details/newenglandglassc00tole 19 20 glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d06dc610a802db46364030d8fed21739.jpg ab02b537ba46e397a504a223a20fdfe5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Side view of bottle fragment Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Original Photograph by Charles Michael Description An account of the resource Looking from this view, the embossed letters " 'S INK " are clearly visible on the side of the bottle. The entire bottle would have had "CARTER'S INK" embossed on the side. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a424632278d16564b26d2bbcd7c67974.jpg f3ff31b5b96f908381f532bcf545d654 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Top-down photograph of Carter's Ink Bottle fragments Subject The topic of the resource The perfect circular shape of the bottle base, as well as the uniform thickness of the bottle's side walls indicate that this bottle was manufactured towards the later part of the 19th century, as glassmaking technologies had significantly improved then. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Original Photograph by Charles Michael https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/be6ebeca9fcebab74fb3d9fe3b7742bb.jpg 775aa777f8646c74efb6864ea1bb752d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carter's Ink Company Advertisement Subject The topic of the resource Ad depicting Carter's factory at 245 First Street in Cambridge, MA. "Largest American Manufacturer of Writing Inks and Adhesives," indicates its dominance and thus its presence on the Harvard campus. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Carter's Ink Ad” n.d. The Cambridge Historical Society website. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/industry/images/carters_ink_ad.jpg https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c5b631ab4230eb2a3a344410cb73f211.jpg 15a97953a96ad71c993cbf3eab155bb6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1875 to 1885-era Carter's Bulk Ink Bottle Subject The topic of the resource This photo shows a variation of a Carter's Ink bulk ink bottle. Like the bottle fragments found in Unit H932 of HYAP, this exhibits a bright blue color. The bright blue color was likely chosen to attract attention for marketing purposes. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Society for Historical Archaeology. "Ink Bottles (Bulk Sizes." Accessed April 5, 2017. https://sha.org/bottle/household.htm#Ink%20Bottles https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c9d8674ad20c08494fab94e8f1053312.jpg 072bc10922927c8dbf99ae395a9bee09 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cone shaped ink bottles from the 1880-1910 era Description An account of the resource Small conical ink bottles could be commonly seen on Harvard students desks. They were used to fill pens, and were refilled using bulk bottles. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Society for Historical Archaeology. "Ink Bottles (Small)" Accessed April 4, 2017. https://sha.org/bottle/household.htm#Cylindrical https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b9f63ce72ed9f43740e34b4e5aed5ec7.jpg b1228358cb9182e2102831d1c7cc59b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carter's Ink Company Building Today Description An account of the resource Today, the former Carter's Ink factory has been adaptively repurposed into the headquarters of ViaCell, a biotech company. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Photograph by Tim Pierce on Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carter%27s_Ink_Company.jpg https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/dd76255d4eb10595d2d17110cb23c5ac.jpg 5b9cb7d0da8f0f689b598813ea43b48d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Cambridge, showing location of Carter's Ink Factory Description An account of the resource Google Map screenshot showing the location of the Carter's Ink factory within Cambridge, Massachusetts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Google Maps screenshot captured by Charlie Michael Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Carter's Ink Aqua Bottle Fragment Intrasite H932 Level 2 Depth 67-96 Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Aqua Bottle Glass Quantity 2 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 5.9cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 5.1cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 5.1cm Inventory Description Base fragment of an aqua bulk ink bottle. Side is embossed 'S INK. It is presumed that the complete bottle would have had CARTER'S INK embossed on the side. Bottle would have been used to store ink for refilling smaller inkwells. Culture/Period Late 1800s to Early 1900s Peabody Number 2016.29.1801 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carter's Ink Bottle Fragment Subject The topic of the resource In our current digital age, it is often easy to forget that there was once a time when and all written materials required ink to bring them to life on paper. That was the world in which Harvard students lived in during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when this ink bottle was manufactured. Harvard students’ demand for papers and inks would have been extremely high, despite the school's reputation as “ ‘the hardest college to get into and the easiest to stay in’.“ (Morison 1935, 369) Towards the end of the 19th century, Harvard underwent a remarkably rapid expansion under the leadership of President Eliot, which would have caused significant rise in materials for academics demanded by the school, including ink (Morison 1935, 373). With a near unquenchable thirst for inks with which to write, how would Harvard students and faculty fulfill their needs? It just so happened, however, that the self-proclaimed world’s largest ink manufacturer lay just a stone’s throw away at what is now 245 First St. in Cambridge, having just moved from Boston due to a need for expansion. (Faulkner 2003, 42). Carter’s ink produced a wide variety of ink products, ranging from small fountain pen inkwells to the larger cylindrical master ink bottle that is displayed here. Ink was never used straight out of master bottles, as it was transferred to smaller, more convenient inkwells first. These bulk bottles would have been ubiquitous around Harvard, and would have been used by both students and faculty to refill their inkwells. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Morison, Samuel E. 1936. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Faulkner, Ed, and Faulkner, Lucy. 2003. "Let's Talk About Ink." In Bottles and Extras. The Federation of Historical Bottle Collectors. Accessed April 1, 2017. http://www.fohbc.com/PDF_Files/Ink_Sp2003.pdf Cambridge Historical Society. 2012. "Industry in Cambridge: Carter's Ink." Cambridge Historical Society Website. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/industry/cartersink.html Society for Historical Archaeology. 2016. "Ink Bottles (Bulk Sizes)." Accessed April 5, 2017. https://sha.org/bottle/household.htm#Ink%20Bottles Antique Bottle Collectors' Haven. "Antique Ink Bottles" Accessed April 5, 2017. http://www.antiquebottles.com/ink/ 19 glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ff4951fdb9618a296bd32b623b2bd158.JPG a759443c435cbdd5b8b9adcb6c6c9899 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Turquoise Glass Bead. This Class II 2A31 bead was likely made between the mid 17th and 18th centuries in Venice or Amsterdam. It is 0.6 cm in diameter and 0.5cm long. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This photo was taken by Emma City. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/586707bde5ec9aea4b76997ccf0fbd34.jpg 77667e54296a9ae45f2547853103b4ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kidd Typology. This diagram shows the Kenneth and Martha Kidd Typology used to classify glass beads. The bead found in the Yard appears to be Class II 2A31. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Parks Canada. 2006. “Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History NO. 1.” Parks Canada website, October 24. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://parkscanadahistory.com/series/chs/1/chs1-2h.htm. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/9263cc128bfd5469808aa484fbf570ec.jpg dd88d24fc8e4f0f8e2d5207350d65fb6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Lawes and Orders of Harvard Colledge, 1655-1708. This cropped image of the Harvard College Laws of 1655 highlights Rule 7 regarding students’ attire. The rule expressly forbids “Lavish Dresse.” Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “The Lawes and Orders of Harvard Colledge, 1655-1708.” 1655. Harvard University Archives. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:16695055. Image modified by Emma City. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b0e942dae262a81ea81acf5ac5cb8e69.jpg f0e925de9175ac00de680f58d1c66d58 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of John Eliot. This mid 17th century portrait of missionary John Eliot showcases the somber attire favored by Puritans. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “John Eliot.” n.d. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens website. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://emuseum.huntington.org/objects/349/john-eliot?ctx=dd0fdc38-e7e5-49ea-bb4f-967115a2ed5d&idx=0. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/7b6c2f21bd46c82f8451da9726a7c409.jpg 2e693b7330996fc5feffddd2b7511e2b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait of Mary Cuthbert. This mid 18th century portrait of Mary Cuthbert shows the changes in style in the 18th century. Note that the sitter appears to be wearing a beaded necklace. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Theus, Jeremiah. 1765. “Mary Cuthbert.” National Gallery of Art website. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.50306.html. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Turquoise Glass Bead Inventory Description Class II 2A31; small drawn tubular turquoise glass bead Culture/Period Mid 17th - 18th century Intrasite H931 Feature Level 1 Depth 66-76cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bead Class 3 Tubular bead Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 0.6 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 0.6 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.5 Peabody Number 2016.29.1635 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Turquoise Glass Bead Subject The topic of the resource This turquoise glass bead, a Class II 2A31, traveled all the way from Venice or Amsterdam sometime between the mid-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Parks Canada 2006; Hume 1969, 53). After traveling thousands of miles, the bead was likely part of a piece of jewelry worn by a colonist until it fell off in the Yard. Many historians and archaeologists focus on the role of glass beads as objects for trade with local Native American populations (Hume 1969, 53). However, the presence of this bead in the Yard suggests that it was more likely used by a colonist. The transition from the 17th to 18th centuries was an interesting time for personal adornment in the colonies. During the 17th century, sumptuary laws both in Massachusetts Bay Colony and at Harvard College restricted colonists to relatively plain and somber attire (Loren 2016, 144). The Harvard College Laws of 1655 expressly stated, “Nor shall any wear Gold, or Silver or such ornaments” (“The Lawes and Orders of Harvard Colledge, 1655-1708” 1655, 3). While this glass bead is not made of gold or silver, it was likely part of a piece of jewelry that would have been too flashy by strict Puritan standards. However, during the 18th century, as religious views became more liberal, sumptuary laws fell out of favor, and people began to adopt more lavish styles of dress. This bright turquoise bead is likely representative of this transition when colonists began to embrace frivolity. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hume, Ivor Noël. 1969. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Loren, Diana Di Paolo. 2016. “Bodily Protection: Dress, Health, and Anxiety in Colonial New England.” In The Archaeology of Anxiety: The Materiality of Anxiousness, Worry, and Fear, edited by Jeffrey Fleisher and Neil Norman, 141-156. Springer: New York. Parks Canada. 2006. “Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History NO. 1.” Parks Canada website, October 24. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://parkscanadahistory.com/series/chs/1/chs1-2h.htm. “The Lawes and Orders of Harvard Colledge, 1655-1708.” 1655. Harvard University Archives. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:16695055. 17 18 glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ac17326ab2fd27a7ac5019d47e33247e.png ca7af0b1d65528e7d970a3077f1ee965 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Blue Hand-painted Shell-edged Pearlware Plate Sherd https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e6c48e2daddab897e13d0856275a1b4e.png 35f88ffcb4e972b99976ba3da21d0ad0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This painting depicts New Englanders of the colonial era sitting down to dine. One can observe from the photo that the plates being used have a colored rim with a white center; this is typical of shell-edged pearlware. One can gather that they were of a higher socioeconomic class, given that they have servants waiting on them in this scene. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.history.org/almanack/life/manners/rules2.cfm Modified - red circle drawn around the plate that the servant is placing on the table. This modification was made to draw attention to the detail. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b2c4087150d5ab28d302a422817bfd95.jpg bcd8b1fa35bcea2893e084a814fc1b56 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The painting displays an elaborately set table that would be typical of an upperclass home in the late 18th century. The plates displayed are made of fine porcelain China, a style that pearlware was made to replicate. The ornamentation of the scene signifies wealth and high standing within society. It is fitting, then, that wealthy students at Harvard would want to display their families' fortunes by bringing such dining ware with them to school. Even if their plates were not made of porcelain themselves, they were made of the next best thing. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmp/cmag/bk_issue/1996/sepoct/feat5.htm https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/2cdb1c639851f1fa8621cf588953b682.jpg 83c5d33cf42fd447a478640f66919f68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This is a reconstructed shell-edged pearlware plate; it can give us a good idea of what the plate that the sherd came from looked like. Pearlware was relatively inexpensive and more closely resembled Chinese porcelain than its predessesor, creamware. Despite its relative inexpensiveness, it makes sense that wealthy students would have utilized it at the college. Their families would not have given them their Fine China to dine with, but would have readily supplied them with this marker of status, which the families of poorer students would not have been able to afford. There would be no archaeological record of the wooden troughs that these poorer students would have eaten from, as the wood would have disintegrated over these past 200+ years. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://nmscarcheologylab.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/party-like-its-1776-a-look-at-eighteenth-century-ceramics/ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Blue Hand-painted Shell-edged Pearlware Plate Sherd Inventory Description Blue Hand-painted Shell-edged plate sherd Peabody Number 2016.29.541 Culture/Period 1780-1840 Intrasite H934 Level 1 Depth 51-62 Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Earthenware Class 3 Pearlware Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 6.1 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 3.2 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.5 Notes Significantly chipped away veneer Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Blue Hand-painted Shell-edged Pearlware Plate Sherd Subject The topic of the resource Particular ceramic finds can tell us much about what life was like for different kinds of people during the colonial period. This shell-edged sherd can provide distinct insight into the life of the student who might have dined off of it. For instance, one can tell from the blue pools of glaze that are present in the rim of the sherd that this ceramic was intricately hand crafted. Craftsmanship that incorporated a shell-edged design was particularly popular from 1780-1840. Its ornate design was a signifier of some level of material wealth, or at least the appearance thereof, as the objects used to lay a table spoke volumes about the host’s standing in society. Cohorts of wealthier students at Harvard during the late 1700’s may have held elaborate dinner parties, particularly members of the notable Porcellian and Hasty Pudding Clubs, whose names derived from the dishes that would be served at weekly meals (namely pork and hasty pudding, respectively). The importance of signifying class status shows that wealth inequality was endemic at Harvard during the 18th century, which makes sense given Harvard’s Puritan origins. Wealth was seen as a marker of hard work, a Puritan virtue that was passed down even as Puritan ideals of modesty went out of fashion. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Diagnostic Artifacts." Diagnostic Artifacts. 2003. Accessed April 03, 2017. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/post-colonial%20ceramics/shell%20edged%20wares/Shell%20Edged%20Wares%20Main.htm. "At Table: High Style in the 18th Century." Carnegiemuseums.org. Accessed April 03, 2017. http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmp/cmag/bk_issue/1996/sepoct/feat5.htm. Calnek, Anthony. The Hasty Pudding Theatre: A History of Harvard's Hairy-Chested Heroines. Milan: A.D.C., 1986. Lockett, Terrence A. "Pearlware: Origins and Types (Part 1)." Pearlware: Origins and Types (Part 1). Accessed April 03, 2017. http://www.thepotteries.org/features/pearlware.htm. "Party like it’s 1776: A Look at Eighteenth-Century Ceramics." NMSC Archeology & Museum Blog. February 10, 2012. Accessed April 03, 2017. https://nmscarcheologylab.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/party-like-its-1776-a-look-at-eighteenth-century-ceramics/. 18 19 ceramic https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/8e3424edfeaf102143d2639e0cc41939.JPG 484e515879a61b69323522162af1a670 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image of curved roof tile excavated from unit H931, Level 5, depth of 88-90cm. Found near the center of the unit near concentration/arrangement of brick, slate, and other roof tile. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph of object taken by Gemma Collins. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/82a31c3a122331711fa8737d9622383c.JPG 3b8cf0b6bc496866f8cf60c133621d1d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Profile view of roof tile, showing curvature and clay inclusions. This tile was unlike other popular, flat tiles, giving the Harvard building it roofed a unique visual appeal (Hume 1970, 294). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph of object taken by Gemma Collins. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/07e5f37c8f6e2d558100b9f4383014c4.png 1f3f314f69e371ec80f14e6ae8fa830b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Figures a, c, d, and e show how curved tiles were used. Often called ridge tiles, they protected the junction where roof slopes met (Grimmer 1992). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Davis, Charles Thomas. 1884. A Practical Treatise on The Manufacture of Brick, Tiles, Terra Cotta, Etc. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird & Co. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/9bce6b6665724af3a81b8e8fa3a86232.png 4b3f92e99409b70413c4718d04e6937e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harvard Yard in 1668, looking south. First Harvard Hall is in center foreground. Shows Harvard and Cambridge buildings in 17th century, with some detail of supposedly tiled roofs. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bail, Hamilton Vaughan. 1949. Views of Harvard a pictorial record to 1860. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Page 8. Harvard University. 1949. Education, Bricks and Mortar: Harvard Buildings and Their Contribution to the Advancement of Learning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Page 10. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/1a1f6a7defa3ac7de2678deaae158907.png c45b5460503c20110b2e4ddf4f78cc1b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1726 view of Harvard. From left to right: Harvard Hall, Stoughton Hall, Massachusetts Hall (Deák 1988, 49). Believed to be “earliest authentic view of the College” (Bail 1949, 17). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burgis, William. 1726. “A Prospect of the Colledges in Cambridge in New England.” Engraving attributed to and accessed from Massachusetts Historical Society. Accessed April 1, 2017. http://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=429&pid=15. Deák, Gloria Gilda. 1988. Picturing America, 1497-1899. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f669d05c1fb7b04dd22267af9dbbf1a7.png acdb3fe6c929ee65aa69a523140ea478 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Harvard College, 1650-1700. Supports hypothesis that this tile likely came from Old College and was part of its structure as “a splendid collegiate building” (Shand-Tucci 2001, 4). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Peabody Museum. “Indian College.” Harvard Peabody Museum. Accessed April 2, 2017. https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/2011. Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Richard Cheek, and Neil L. Rudenstine. 2001. Harvard University: An Architectural Tour. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Large Fragment of a Curved Roof Tile Inventory Description Curved roof tile; terracotta, red clay; likely from 17th century Peabody Number 2016.29.191 Culture/Period 17th century Intrasite H931 Level 5 Depth 88-90cm Class 1 Architectural Class 2 Ceramic Class 3 Roof tile Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 16.0 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 8.6 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 1.6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Large Fragment of a Curved Roof Tile Subject The topic of the resource Roof tiles, as preservers of structures and “buffers against the weather,” were necessary architectural components of Harvard’s early buildings (Sweetser 1978). Such buildings enabled Harvard to continue its educational mission. One of Harvard’s first structures was the Old College built in 1638 (Shand-Tucci 2001, 33; Bunting 1998, 5; Morison 1935, 191). Archival evidence describes it as the “largest and most imposing building by far in the English colonies” and “too gorgeous for a wilderness” (in Shand-Tucci 2001, 5). Although clay roof tiling was common from mid-seventeenth century, curved roof tiles are rare in the archaeological record of colonial New England (Hume 1970, 294). It can be assumed, therefore, that this roof tile’s place on an early Harvard building contributed to the perception of these buildings as one-of-a-kind and elaborate. Buildings in the seventeenth century, just like today, could set an immediate impression and were markers of purpose, status, and economic standing. This roof tile also contributes to a narrative of financial turmoil at Harvard: after all, materials and money for constructions were “scraped together in small donations” (Bunting 1998, 6). Local colonists with skills and trades donating resources (perhaps roof tiles) to pay for their sons’ educations (Morison 1936). The body of the building itself was likely constructed of wood, which under the weight of tiles, quickly led to it falling into disrepair (Cummings 1979, 49; Upton 1986, 359; Bunting 1998, 11). This further reinforces how at early Harvard, the showiness and flair of the buildings was an utmost priority in increasing social perceptions of the new college. Buildings that drew attention and legitimized the college helped the college to recover financially and encouraged new donations and new students to attend. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bail, Hamilton Vaughan. 1949. Views of Harvard a pictorial record to 1860. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bunting, Bainbridge, and Margaret Henderson-Floyd. 1998. Harvard: An Architectural History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Burgis, William. 1726. “A Prospect of the Colledges in Cambridge in New England.” Engraving attributed to and accessed from Massachusetts Historical Society. Accessed April 1, 2017. http://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=429&pid=15. Cummings, Abbott Lowell. 1979. The Framed Houses of Massachusetts Bay, 1625-1725. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Davis, Charles Thomas. 1884. A Practical Treatise on The Manufacture of Brick, Tiles, Terra Cotta, Etc. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird & Co. Deák, Gloria Gilda. 1988. Picturing America, 1497-1899. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Grimmer, Anne E., and Paul K. Williams. September 1992. "The Preservation and Repair of Historic Clay Tile Roofs." National Parks Service. Accessed April 01, 2017. https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/30-clay-tile-roofs.htm. Harvard University. 1949. Education, Bricks and Mortar: Harvard Buildings and Their Contribution to the Advancement of Learning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hume, Ivor Noël. 1970. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Knopf. Morison, Samuel Eliot. 1935. The Founding of Harvard College. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Morison, Samuel Eliot. 1936. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Peabody Museum. “Indian College.” Harvard Peabody Museum. Accessed April 2, 2017. https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/2011. Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Richard Cheek, and Neil L. Rudenstine. 2001. Harvard University: An Architectural Tour. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Sweetser, Sarah M. February 1978. "Roofing for Historic Buildings." National Parks Service. Accessed April 01, 2017. https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/4-roofing.htm. Upton, Dell. 1986. Common places: readings in American vernacular architecture. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. 17 ceramic https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/8e465e7764f51ed4e0e81948f8a015f2.jpg 89715562c969139c12781ecc07da004b https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/629f29f425bbedaa4c17aa55b4b17f39.jpg e0282e44fbd07771852c4f88ebc708a7 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/dfbb9911905487c5200a7bad69255920.jpg ef74715f429a24a5a8b867d88c4d414c https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c8bb9de5c0d70c0f32a7b0b5053e7d83.jpg 39998342b007fef814eeea9f3d9c6915 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource English delftware plate from the turn of the 17th-18th century, made from red earthenware with a tin-glaze overlaid, and a blue floral leaf border surrounding flowers under an umbrella-like tree. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Historic New England. 2017. “Collections Access Database-Delftware Plate, Accession Number 1963.332.” Historic New England website. Accessed March 25, 2017. https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/40329/ . Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/40329/ https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/311865eab20b7b1e763a197b4ab34fc9.jpg 5afa2e383233edc7f5ba9863170413a2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Delftware on display in a special corner cabinet of a sitting room, where people would gather to visit. The distinctive manner of display indicates the delftware imbued a special importance. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived General Artemas Ward House Museum. 2017. “First Floor Plan-Sitting Room: Corner Cupboard.” General Artemas Ward House Museum website. Accessed March 25, 2017. http://wardhouse.harvard.edu/galleries/sitting-room. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available http://wardhouse.harvard.edu/galleries/sitting-room https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/1719babd21ecb0aa85567a8b334e44d5.png f9bed79417c1b4ee2d4ff6eac6ad12b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First floor plan shows the location of the sitting room, near the front door, where guests could visit and likely notice the delftware distinctively on display in the corner cabinet. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived General Artemas Ward House Museum. 2017a. “First Floor Plan.” General Artemas Ward House Museum website. Accessed March 29, 2017. http://wardhouse.harvard.edu/virtual-tour. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available http://wardhouse.harvard.edu/virtual-tour Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Delftware Charger Peabody Number 2016.29.660 Intrasite H942 Level 4 Depth 70-80cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Earthenware Class 3 Tin-glazed/Delftware Quantity 2 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 3cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 1cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Delftware Charger Subject The topic of the resource Who would think that a sherd excavated from Harvard Yard could reveal a legacy of England’s social structure renewing itself in Colonial America? Upon initial examination, the white tin-glaze with artistic blue design indicates this redware sherd is hardly ordinary. This white surface painted with a nature design and leaf hatching was intended to mimic Chinese porcelain, which was highly desired by Englishmen (Jefferson Patterson 2017; Hume 1969, 111). This more expensive glazing and design process, known as delftware, was frequently produced in England during the 17th and 18th centuries (Jefferson Patterson 2017). In the later 1600s, Americans sought more refined trade goods from England, including delftware (Deetz 1977, 79). The role of delftware in Colonial culture reflected its origins from the English culture, being revered as an item of sophisticated social distinction (Deetz 1977, 76). As such, delftware was often on display, similar to the pictures of the corner cupboard in a sitting room, reserved only for use at special occasions or hopefully admired by visiting guests (Deetz 1977, 83). Based on the flat shape of this sherd, and foot ring bump on the backside, possibly this sherd was from a plate or platter, such as the delftware plate picture, and likely acquired in late 17th century trade with England. This display of status would have been important to Harvard in the early 1700s to coincide with a revitalization in leadership and enrollment from its faltering years in the latter 1600s (Morison 1986, 54, 56, and 59). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Deetz, James. In Small Things Forgotten. New York: Anchor Books Publishing, 1977. General Artemas Ward House Museum. 2017. “First Floor Plan-Sitting Room: Corner Cupboard.” General Artemas Ward House Museum website. Accessed March 25, 2017. http://wardhouse.harvard.edu/galleries/sitting-room. General Artemas Ward House Museum. 2017a. “First Floor Plan.” General Artemas Ward House Museum website. Accessed March 29, 2017. http://wardhouse.harvard.edu/virtual-tour. Historic New England. 2017. “Collections Access Database-Delftware Plate, Accession Number 1963.332.” Historic New England website. Accessed March 25, 2017. https://www.historicnewengland.org/explore/collections-access/gusn/40329/ . Hume, Ivor N. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969. Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum. 2017. “Tin-glazed Colonial Ceramics.” Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland website. Accessed March 25, 2017. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/ColonialCeramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/Tin-glazed.html . Morison, Samuel E. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986. 17 18 ceramic https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/722d4c86c507ff916592965215fb0118.jpg 13a1112e40d6af1fc8cae7b2c05865a9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fragment of a Clear Glass Tumbler Description An account of the resource This is bottom of a clear tumbler glass that was found in level 2 of unit H944. A tumbler is a short glass cup that is mainly used to hold alcohol. This tumbler has ridges on the sides and is relatively thick at all points. These kinds of glasses were primarily used in more formal settings as well. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo Courtesy: Ronni Cuccia Description source: (https://www.leaf.tv/articles/types-of-glassware-their-uses/) https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/60a060afde559e0bce3f84e912b3f560.png 2c1a59a8ae9b24d21664bbaa27e127d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harvard University : a brief statement of what Harvard University is, how it may be entered and how its degrees may be obtained Description An account of the resource This is page 96 of a book written by the secretary of Harvard College in 1893 in a book he wrote titled Harvard University: a brief statement of what Harvard University is, how it may be entered and how its degrees may be obtained. On this page about the religious exercises of the university, he mentioned how the college abolished mandatory Morning Prayer in 1886 and made all religious activity voluntary. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/servlet/MOML?dd=0&locID=camb55135&d1=19003220300&srchtp=a&c=1&an=19003220300&df=f&d2=96&docNum=F3702664400&CH=p_F3702664400&h2=1&af=RN&d6=96&d3=96&ste=10&d4=0.33&stp=Author&d5=d6&ae=F102664305 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/98caea821c7d0f2667f296fc3e1f7b9c.pdf b5f9cdb2e24f4b4c2bf4726935eb6f2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource This is photo of a dining hall at Harvard with tumblers placed on the tables. Even though not all of these glasses might have been used for alcohol in this situation, surely there were some occasions where they were used to serve alcohol. The presence of the tumblers indicates that the rules about alcohol were more lenient than they were when the school was first founded. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://via.lib.harvard.edu:80/via/deliver/deepLinkItem?recordId=olvwork625488&componentId=HUL.ARCH:8056795 Title A name given to the resource Harvard Union Dining Hall https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ce90c7c5a2bd19a998e823b02a1bfe30.pdf 7d5a10b5ae30a3759c940718c7ec3e4d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://via.lib.harvard.edu:80/via/deliver/deepLinkItem?recordId=olvwork406678&componentId=HUL.ARCH:2019341 Title A name given to the resource Battle in Commons Hall Description An account of the resource This is a picture of people in early 1800s throwing food. All the glasses in the picture are for tea with no tumblers in sight. This indicates that Harvard’s policy on alcohol was stricter in the time when it was mandatory to practice Puritan beliefs. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Tumbler Inventory Description Glass Fragment Tumbler Peabody Number 2016.29.308 Culture/Period 19th Century Intrasite H944 Level 2 Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 11 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 2 Depth 65-75 Class 1 Glass Class 2 Fragment Class 3 Tumbler Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tumbler Subject The topic of the resource From the beginning of Harvard College in 1636 until the late 19th century, the institution placed an emphasis on the Puritan religion that it was founded on. For instance, the Harvard motto “Veritas” used to be “Veritas pro Christo et Ecclesia” meaning Truth for Christ and Church. Harvard used to ban activities like smoking tobacco and consuming alcohol because of its Puritan roots. In 1869, a new President of the University, Charles W. Eliot, strayed away from the theology and to a more open environment. This meant less of a focus on religion and more of a focus on a secular education. The discovery of a 19th century glass tumbler at Harvard implies that there were people on campus who did consume alcohol. Tumblers, though, were commonly used for special occasions, which indicates that the consumption of alcohol on campus was not a recreation done by students in the shelter of their dorms, but more like a refreshment enjoyed by staff, professors, and of age students possibly over dinner. Basically, this implies that Harvard had a more accepting attitude about drinking alcohol at the end of the 19th century. In addition to more lenient rules on alcohol, in 1886, Harvard abolished the required Morning Prayer and made the practice of religion optional. This is a clear indication that the administration became less religious in the 19th century. There are also pictures of dining halls in the early 20th century at Harvard with tumblers lining the tables and a drawing of a dining hall in the early 19th century with no tumblers in sight. These both confirm the notion that Harvard progressively became more secular near the end of the 19th century. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/files/FINAL.Dig_.Ver_.rack_.updt%20for%20web.pdf https://www.leaf.tv/articles/types-of-glassware-their-uses/ http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/3/8/harvards-secularization-harvard-has-never-been/ 19 glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/86d0ac8b0bdfceb7ffb400e84fa939fc.jpg 978e4444e2a3d0458f8abd8dcc2b0dd7 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/acb56703545b3c263922920a1f1b0c2c.png b8f55f721c65488515bff40925c90c29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Today, a direct flight from Frechen to Cambridge costs more than $1000, but only takes eight hours and 45 minutes. In the 17th century, it could have taken months for a single Bellarmine vessel to travel from the Rhineland to a port city, to board a ship, and finally to arrive the Boston area. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Cambridge,+MA/Frechen,+Germany/@39.8208631,-71.481832,3z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x89e370a5cb30cc5f:0xc53a8e6489686c87!2m2!1d-71.1097335!2d42.3736158!1m5!1m1!1s0x47bf3b93eb2780a1:0x9612bffebe05693b!2m2!1d6.8159957!2d50.9122488 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/2c8e51d947e4e34b7f939f4742190c95.jpg 65ab8c999cc84226f363fd73abb86555 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Here we have an intact Bellarmine vessel. Note the pear like shape and grotesque, not-quite-human face characteristic of later Bellarmines, crafted with less care and individual attention to meet high demand. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/26447019e54b230e1be770d35f5ee7a3.jpg fd8e9d3cdb7644400cdb401c2913870c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bellarmine vessels are named after Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino, who was allegedly hated by protestant potters. Since Bellarmines have been dated to when the imfamous Cardinal was only a boy, however, it is much more likely that the face motif in the neck of Bellarmines pays homage to the Green Man of the Woods, a character from English folk mythology. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.wikiwand.com/it/Processo_a_Galileo_Galilei Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Bellarmine (Bartmann) Sherd Inventory Description Fragment is from the neck of the bottle Peabody Number 2016.29.438 Intrasite H939, Level 3 Depth 71-89 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Sherd Class 3 Neck Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.5 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.8 Notes Given the grotesque features of the bellarmine man's face, likely a later 18th century piece Culture/Period Late 17th century Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bellarmine (Bartmann) Sherd Subject The topic of the resource Water flies from a potter’s wheel as a pear-shaped vessel takes shape outside Frechen, Germany. Business has never been better—hundreds of similar vessels stare out from quiet racks, waiting to be fired to their signature mottled, golden-brown salt-glaze and shipped throughout the civilized world. It is late in the 17th century, and Rhenish salt-glazed stoneware is at its height. The characteristic bearded faces carved into the necks of vessels are their signature of high quality, durable stoneware, well-known throughout the New World and Europe. Today, we call that same motif the “Bellarmine Man,” and seeing its face appear in the soil of Harvard Yard represents the extraordinary material and cultural diffusion between Europe and the Colonies. Finding just this single, fragmentary piece belies the incredible journey this vessel survived to make it to the Yard—from the potter’s wheel, it endured the fires of the kiln, miles of travel by crate and cart to the sea, weeks of lurching travel across the waves, and finally unloading—maybe in Boston, maybe another port along the coast—before it could be brought to market, purchased, and ultimately brought to the Old College. This grey sherd of baked earth embodies the relationship between Europe and the Colonies two hundred years before the industrial revolution, as the great wheels of England’s mercantilist machine began to gain momentum and the trappings of a global trade network and economy began to emerge. As global demand for Rhennish stoneware waxed, potters kept pace by producing more and spending less time on each piece. The quickness of those potters' skillful hands shows in this Bellarmine's grotesque, not-quite-human features. Description An account of the resource The eye stamped into this sherd makes it easily recognizable as a shard of Bellarmine, a name which alludes the Roberto Bellarmino (1542-1621), a Cardinal allegedly hated by protestant potters. Bellarmine-style stoneware has been dated as far back as 1550, however, when the Cardinal was only eight (Hume 1969, 55), so the face motif was more likely inspired by the Green Man of the woods originating in English folk myths. For this reason, Bellarmine vessels are more properly known as a “Bartmann” vessels, but Bellarmine’s catchy name is still in common use. As decades passed, the stamped faces on Bellarmine vessels became less human and defined (Museum of London), and comparing H939’s Bellarmine fragment to photos, its facial features most closely resemble the “grotesque” bellarmines of 1650-70 (Hume 1969, 56). The bottle this particular sherd was once part of was likely used by residents of The Yard to store wine, ale, oil, vinegar, or water, since Rhennish stoneware was fired at a high enough temperature (up to 1300 degrees) that much of the clay would vitrify, making it completely waterproof (Maine.gov). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jack Smith Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Bellarmine Jugs." : Colonial Pemaquid: History: Discover History & Explore Nature: State Parks and Public Lands: Maine ACF. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. <http://www.maine.gov/dacf/parks/discover_history_explore_nature/history/colonialpemaquid/bellarmine.shtml>. Hume, Ivor Noël. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Knopf, 1970. Print. By the Second Half of the 16th Century Frechen Wares Had Supplanted Raeren Products as the Main German Stoneware Imported into Britain. The Trade Peaked in the Early 17th Century, by Which Time Products Had Become Very Standardised, But, as with Other Ger. "Frechen." Ceramics and Glass Glass. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. <http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/ceramics/pages/subsubcategory.asp?subsubcat_id=837&subsubcat_name=Frechen&cat_id=714>. 17 18 ceramic https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/779f9c19033db0ca7178873a83450009.jpg bd7c3f15be4da6120f8f8736bb8a4117 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b58b5d4f9811e696410f87d14ac16231.jpg 2a0c9a26d2bee89a035f4c1cc1056035 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource College Room of Jesse Maxwell Overton, photograph, ca. 1885 Description An account of the resource This photograph, although of a much later date than the key, gives us a glimpse into a 19th c. Harvard dorm room. The desk features prominently in the photo and it is possible that there is a lock on the center drawer. The creation of the individual space is evidenced by the extensive personalization of the room. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pach Bros., Cambridge, Massachusetts (photographer) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://id.lib.harvard.edu/via/olvwork445744/catalog Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Harvard Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1885 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/35b730be76d7934dade1f9902fe4e4a4.jpg 16169a2d78086140bd0dd1e685baf689 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Plate Locks Description An account of the resource These drawings reveal the inner workings of plate locks. The one numbered 1 is from the early nineteenth century while the other lock is from the eighteenth century. We can also see the concept of wards illustrated in the upper left hand corner. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived (Hume 2001:248) https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/127339db68a41ee470942e36ce742fed.jpg f0f7611b2f39d6b78ce2a8f480754a57 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Basic Lock Mechanism Diagram Description An account of the resource This diagram illustrates the basic mechanism of sliding locks common from the fourteenth to the early nineteenth century. We can see how the bit of the key lifts the lever, releasing the bolt, while simultaneously catching on the bottom notches of the bolt to slide it inward. We can also see the spring that keeps the lever in place. This would have been the same fundamental mechanism of the lock that this key operated. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived (Eras 1957:96) https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/fc1cb82ad9246029448bfed1814655aa.jpg 8996b78b9ab54cbbdc104a8c96087e1a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Replica Furniture Lock Key Description An account of the resource This replica key, marketed as a furniture lock key is made of zinc and plated in brass and is similar in shape and size to our key. The bit is plain and the bow features a similar circle based design. The main difference between this key and our key, besides the material, is that the shaft of this key is hollow, also known as a barrel shaft, while the shaft of our key is solid. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource House of Antique Hardware Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.houseofantiquehardware.com/antique-barrel-keys-skeleton Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available House of Antique Hardware Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Brass Key Inventory Description Bit key. Cast brass, simple bit (non-warded, no steps), solid round shaft, partial bow (design is likely three circles in triangle formation). Likely a furniture or box key. Peabody Number 2016.29.407 Culture/Period Mid 19th century (Post 1840) Intrasite H935 Level 4 Depth 73-83cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Hardware Class 3 Key Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 5.7 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.9 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brass Key Subject The topic of the resource This key likely dates to the mid-nineteenth century and is of a type known as a bit key (the bit being the “tooth” at the end of the key) (Hume 2001:246). When the key is inserted into the lock and turned, the bit lifts up one or more levers that release the bolt, and then slides the bolt inward. For added security, bits would often have grooves cut into them that corresponded to projections attached around the key hole (known as wards) or they would have different levels cut into the edge that corresponded to differently shaped levers within the lock (Blackall 1890; Eras 1957; Hopkins 1928;). This particular example features a plain bit that would have corresponded to a lock that afforded little security. Coupled with the small size of the key it is likely that it was a furniture key, unlocking a cabinet or drawer, or the key to a small box or chest (Taylor 2010). Given the lack of security, the use of this key and lock would have been connected to a demarcation of private space—a declaration of privacy rather than a deterrent of theft. In Victorian America, the importance of private contemplation and an emphasis on individual rationality were already aspects of the culture that stemmed from both Protestant and Enlightenment ideals. The Industrial Revolution further reinforced the idea of private individuality by highlighting the separation between “home” (private) and “work” (public) (Lears 1981). It also led to overcrowded lodgings and tenements which forced people to find privacy at a more individual level by keeping locked chests and boxes of personal belongings (Vickers 2008). Although mid-nineteenth century Harvard was not part of an urban setting, many students who could not afford private lodgings still had to share living spaces (Morison 1936). The wish for more privacy would have likely led students to use locked drawers, cabinets or chests to store some of their more valuable or sensitive possessions. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Norman R. Storer Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived References: Blackall, Clarence H. 1890. Locks. In Builders Hardware: A Manual for Architects, Builders and House Furnishers, pp. 168-236. Ticknor and Company, Boston. Eras, Vincent J.M. 1957. Locks and Keys throughout the Ages. Lips’ Safe and Lock Manufacturing Company, Amsterdam; U.S. edition. Hopkins, Albert A. 1928. The Lure of the Lock. The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, New York. House of Antique Hardware n.d. Antique Barrel Key for Furniture Locks. House of Antique Hardware. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://www.houseofantiquehardware.com/antique-barrel-keys-skeleton Hume, Ivor Nöel 2001. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. University of Pennsylvania Press. Lears, T.J. Jackson 1981. Roots of Antimodernism: The Crisis of Cultural Authority During the Late Nineteenth Century. In No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920, pp. 4-58. University of Chicago Press. Morison, Samuel Eliot 1936. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936. Belknap Press. Reprinted, 2006. Pach Bros. 1885. College Room of Jesse Maxwell Overton. Harvard University Archives HUPSF Student Rooms 121. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://id.lib.harvard.edu/via/olvwork445744/catalog Taylor, Fred 2010. Furniture Detective: Unlock the Secrets of Furniture Locks. Antique Trader. Accessed April 5, 2017. http://www.antiquetrader.com/antiques/secrets_of_furniture_locks Vickery, Amanda 2008. An Englishman’s Home is His Castle? Thresholds, Boundaries and Privacies in the Eighteenth-Century London House. Past and Present 199:147-173. 19 Key nineteenth century privacy https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4c8e7f7376a3c5818ff62fdf62d6cce4.jpg 03885f4a73dffad292a9f6b5c31ce3a8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The malleability of lead made it a popular choice for building components. Due to its low melting point, lead is rarely found fully in tact and is typically bent or twisted. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/66d3bf32675972a429b94d24bfc0623b.png 6c603c3158c9790562296b06033dd1a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The window maker's initials were often found on the lead casing. This was not visible in a completed window but instead served to identify failed window makers. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.hsmcdigshistory.org/pdf/Lead.pdf https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/1634d2323caf375ce4cd632f83cf91f6.jpg 131e8c3031107b4185cc0e28de45ce50 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Small, diamond-paned windows with one casement opening were very common in the 17th century. Lead bars commonly held these windows together. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.pinterest.com/kpucxe/17th-century-architectural-elements/ https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/1d4014392ce1abcee598543e2672204d.jpg 394cb46bb25af8a6b8cb9c09a32253b8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Indian College exhibiting the symmetrical window and door placement in the Colonial style of architecture in New England. This College served to house American Indian students. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/477 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/75d3cc7da38c115cefdba81a2d06ea6d.gif 99668c8fc9c753bd716249b315a8e97b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Windows were symmetrically aligned with doors and additional windows along the entire building. The symmetry exhibited in the 17th century buildings can still be found in more modern buildings at Harvard. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://cambridgehistory.org/discover/Cambridge-Revolution/Harvard.html https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/9d83f4292f44b70fd7dacf4267768a58.jpg 7ce708554ca8197799c07d8cc8f3241a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This map shows the relative location of the Old and Indian College in the 17th century. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/477 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Turned Lead Window Casing Inventory Description The turned lead window casing is soft and malleable, used for connecting pieces of glass in windows in the 17th century. Peabody Number 2016.29.465 Intrasite H929 Level 5 Depth 80-95cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Hardware Class 3 Turned Lead Quantity 1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Turned Lead Window Casing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.hsmcdigshistory.org/pdf/Lead.pdf https://newengland.com/today/living/homes/new-england-architecture/ https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/node/477 http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/a-new-view-of-harvard-in-the-17th-and-18th-centuries/ Davis, Andrew McFarland. The Early College Buildings at Cambridge. 19th-century Legal Treatises ; No. 37138. Worcester [Mass.]: C. Hamilton, 1890. http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/intro http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/leadstainedglass/lead_stained_glass.htm http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1978/4/78.04.03.x.html https://www.wychavon.gov.uk/documents/10586/157693/wdc-planning-her-windowsleaflet1.pdf http://www.antiquehomesmagazine.com/info.php?info_id=6 Subject The topic of the resource Turned lead is often found on colonial sites and was used to hold glass and window frames together in the 17th century. The size of glass panes was restricted so architects would use rods of lead to create larger windows. Modeling the English, Harvard’s buildings typically followed a Colonial style during this time where windows had no trim or shutters. In the early 17th century, glass was expensive and difficult to obtain in New England, making glass windows an item of luxury. Since glass was imported from England, New England buildings with windows often only had small, diamond paned windows with one casement opening. Glassless windows were usually filled with oilpaper. Although generally precious at the time, Harvard invested in glass for its windows in the buildings as an attempt to pour resources into the College. During the construction of Harvard, the College bills showed a fair amount of repairs being done on the buildings with a capped budget, however the amount spent on glass did not have a limit. The amount of resources allocated towards Harvard, such as its glass, represented its importance within New England and the Colony more broadly. In 1643, the College announced its mission of the college: "To advance Learning and perpetuate it to Posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate Ministry to the Churches." Harvard’s political and religious impact on Massachusetts Bay promoted intellectual advancement in the Colony as being the first higher education institution to exist. 17 metal https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b76e674de4e83ec639a5a386933b00ba.JPG a9a6dc215488b0d91b028a1f0716309c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tin-glazed earthenware sherd. This ceramic sherd is distinguishable as tin-glazed earthenware by its buff pasty and shiny, fragile glaze. It is 1.9 cm long, 1.2 cm wide, and 0.4 cm thick. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo taken by Emma City. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ae0b8dd94aad6399eade3e091ff73def.JPG fe0b177e62430d160fd2e4c277cd33cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Side profile of tin-glazed sherd. This photo of the sherd shows its very slight curvature, suggesting that the sherd may have come from a relatively flat vessel such as a plate. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo taken by Emma City. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/0f11904477fb634a4a3b51d61a8af679.jpg d15cd53d19594be41c881f69ea764391 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tin-glazed earthenware plate. Although the sherd shows no evidence colorful glaze, many tin-glazed earthenware plates were decorated with elaborate designs, increasing their value. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Plate.” Early 18th century. The Museum of Fine Arts website. Accessed May 1, 2017. http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/plate-61768. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/1adefbc34231e24925be44d292cc5888.jpg 660075b1784cf304647e9d2d295b8c1a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Morning bever sketch. This is a 1930s sketch of an imagined 17th-18th-century Harvard student’s morning bever (breakfast). However, the tin-glazed sherd suggests that, at least at dinner, students had a more formal experience. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Chas. A. Lawrence. c. 1936. “Food at Harvard College in the 17th-18th century.” Harvard Archives website. Accessed May 1, 2017. http://id.lib.harvard.edu/via/olvwork365138/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:1114862/catalog. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name 5 Pieces of Tin Glazed Earthenware Inventory Description 5 pieces of tin glazed earthenware of various sizes, all with plain white glaze Peabody Number 2016.29.394 Intrasite H931 Level 3 Depth 68-80cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Sherd Class 3 Body Quantity 5 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 1.9 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.2 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.4 Culture/Period 1630-1790 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 5 Pieces of Tin Glazed Earthenware Subject The topic of the resource This description and the accompanying photos discuss the largest of the five sherds of tin-glazed earthenware. This very small ceramic sherd may at first seem insignificant, but actually it helps us understand the history of dining culture at Harvard College in the early 18th century. This piece of tin-glazed earthenware has a very shallow curve to it, suggesting that it was once a part of a fairly flat vessel such as a plate. Tin-glazed earthenware plates became popular after around 1680 (“Tin-Glazed” 2002). And, in fact, this sherd was found in context with two pipe stems dating roughly to 1680-1710 (Hume 1969, 298). Tin-glazed earthenware products were made all over Europe, but the importation of any continental European ceramics to the colonies was banned from the late 17th century until after the American Revolution (Hume 1969, 141). Therefore, it seems most likely that the vessel from which with sherd came was manufactured in England. Until the end of the 18th century, Harvard College did very little to standardize the dishware used by students (Stubbs 1992, 501). In fact, into the 18th century, students were expected to provide most of their own dishware (Morison 1936, 28). If this tin-glazed earthenware sherd did come from a plate purchased by a student for his own use, then we can start to see how social class and economic means played into dining culture at Harvard. Evidence from previous excavations by the Old College suggest that locally produced redware was by far the most commonly used type of ceramic and makes up 70.6% of all ceramics (Stubbs 1992, 486). More expensive, imported tin-glazed earthenware, on the other hand, makes up only 16.3% of all ceramics (Stubbs 1992, 486). Through the early 18th century, even the dining culture at Harvard College was filled with markers of students’ social status. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hume, Ivor Noël. 1969. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Morison, Samuel Eliot. 1936. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Stubbs, John D. Underground Harvard: The Archaeology of College Life. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 1992. “Tin-Glazed.” 2002. Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland, accessed April 30, 2017, http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/ColonialCeramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/Tin-glazed.html. 18 ceramic tinglaze https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b51aa57a5288af87a4d85fb92ac25782.png de1ec6225cf874e24223c7106476c86f https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/16ba5caeb7fc4eb91976a355064def7c.png d38d6bb4be741f6cf3587adf2ccab7e1 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a7f1cbe350800266d58cdbcb4e3ef961.jpg 1f00b799c6155bc1454bbad6a918d77e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.google.com/search?q=chinese+porcelain+blue+and+white+flat&espv=2&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigzOyNxP_SAhWE0FQKHX8sCC4Q_AUIBigB&biw=1280&bih=591#tbm=isch&q=porcelain+box+blue+white&*&imgrc=3Yxg3E89sZtC9M Title A name given to the resource This is an example of the type of container that the porcelain sherd could have belonged to. The triangular shape of the sherd matches the triangular segments on the lid. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b0c4fb4a40bf485d12d5c4a2008fd91e.png 56fca8b02890807851e70893a48bf1c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Porcelain items could have been displayed on a cupboard such as this one. The cupboard itself is as much of an extravagant display of wealth as the items it stores. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://books.google.com/books?vid=HARVARD:32044034382374&printsec=titlepage#v=onepage&q&f=true https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/61472809629e04b825fdab83a9ef7338.jpg 51462bd796fb900efca5097f4b5c2060 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Earlier versions of this 19th century Chinese junk were used to transport Chinese goods. The porcelain sherd most likely took a long voyage on one of these vessels. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://hollis.harvard.edu/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=HVD "Chinese Junk" https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/28493fcc5c077db66585839c7f5f57f6.png b68d117164e973e82d2d43df6aaee16c https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/aa2db5b63e1b54e39baa26c363c1123b.png 37c0e5b7af0846863c9a39910cd9bf94 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Porcelain sherd Inventory Description Triangular piece of porcelain with a blue and white hand-painted degraded spear and dot design Peabody Number 2016.29.34 Intrasite H930, Feature 1, Level 3 Depth 95-108cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Porcelain Class 3 Sherd Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 0.7cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 6.0cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 5.0cm Culture/Period ca. 1817 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Porcelain sherd Subject The topic of the resource Sitting elegantly on a wealthy Bostonian’s sideboard, a porcelain lidded container acts as a physical embodiment of wealth and status. Accompanying the container is a collection of porcelain tableware reserved for special occasions. The cupboard, located in the kitchen where guests are entertained, is the stage upon which wealth is displayed for those lucky enough to visit such a high-class estate. Inside of the expensive, foreign-made box is a collection of personal items such as a double-toothed comb, a signet ring, and a handful of silver coins. A container of this sort made a long voyage from China in the 19th century, partly explaining its steep cost and rarity in early colonial New England. Trade networks contributed most of the early ceramics to the area, the Chinese trade network being one of less attainable and therefore higher-valued networks. Puritan values in colonial New England first emphasized simplicity and plainness. Extravagant displays of wealth were not looked favorably upon. However, over time this perspective loosened and outward signs of wealth became more acceptable in society. Having both a practical purpose for storing items and a social purpose of representing the owner’s wealth, the Chinese porcelain container remains a rare and exciting find. In Harvard Yard, a porcelain sherd reveals the range of wealth of those at the Old College. Description An account of the resource Blue and white, flat, triangular piece of Chinese porcelain. Slightly curved on the tip opposite of the design. Thickness increases towards this tip. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hume, Ivor Noel. 1969. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Lockwood, Luke Vincent. 1913. Colonial Furniture in America. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Christie's Amsterdam B.V. 1995. The Diana Cargo. London, England: White Bros (Printers) Ltd. 19 ceramic https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/89cec367cdfa52bc94d281f330be2755.jpg 1cfed3ef5a569a85f5e42a228e3c9160 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image One Subject The topic of the resource 4 pipe bowl fragments, probably dating to the 18th Century. A partial maker's mark is visible on the heel of the pipe bowl. Description An account of the resource A photograph of the pipe fragments with the external side showing. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files%2Fanth1130%2Foriginal%2F89cec367cdfa52bc94d281f330be2755.jpg https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/5dd44dea1ccfaf8a612a06bf4dfb79ba.jpg 03f33039a4490c7c4dcc3403c5d04d92 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image Two Subject The topic of the resource A close-up of the maker's mark on the heel of the pipe bowl. Two letters are visible but only one, the letter 'E', is complete. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files%2Fanth1130%2Foriginal%2F5dd44dea1ccfaf8a612a06bf4dfb79ba.jpg https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c369f73bf6e873877e6ffd4a4a66bbd1.jpg 6df2b5c26f2bc17c5bf2e789c323c9fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image Three Subject The topic of the resource A letter written in 1859 asking for a letter in return about the evils of chewing and smoking tobacco. From Mr Track to Reverend Walker. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard College Papers Volume XXVI, January 12th 1859. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files%2Fanth1130%2Foriginal%2Fc369f73bf6e873877e6ffd4a4a66bbd1.jpg https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f571b6f3a72357dfedd5d43bd18b6539.pdf 25fef35da54ee2ae43b1b7ea2e5598db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image Four Subject The topic of the resource A poem written between 1685 and 1752, part of a collection called 'Gospel sonnets; or, Spiritual songs : in six parts.' by Ralph Erskine. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433074856166;view=1up;seq=550 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ce68cb01bcfc6f7c6a2d13c48a88bcd6.pdf 766fd404f6af01541ded224b1c44d2de Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image Five Subject The topic of the resource A poem written between 1685 and 1752, part of a collection called 'Gospel sonnets; or, Spiritual songs : in six parts.' by Ralph Erskine. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433074856166;view=1up;seq=550 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/3ddf7c4829df4d93ff26ee4af508b5f5.pdf 972c1dbc8a5f4cfd3858e3a773bbbb14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Image Six Subject The topic of the resource A poem written between 1685 and 1752, part of a collection called 'Gospel sonnets; or, Spiritual songs : in six parts.' by Ralph Erskine. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433074856166;view=1up;seq=550 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Pipe Bowl Pieces Inventory Description 4 pieces of a pipe bowl, with letters imprinted on the heel. Made of clay, probably from the 18th Century judging by the mark and the shape of the bowl. Peabody Number 2016.29.35 Intrasite H930 Level 3 Depth 75-85cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Pipe Class 3 Pipe bowl Quantity 4 Culture/Period 18th Century Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4.1 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.3 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.55 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pipe bowl fragments Subject The topic of the resource This artefact is a pipe bowl probably dating to the 18th Century, since it has two letters impressed on the bottom of the heel, which was probably a maker’s mark (Oswald, 1975). Smoking was a common habit at Harvard all through the Colonial period and after, as demonstrated by the large number of pipe stems found in digs at Harvard College and by comments in letters like the attached image from the 19th Century, decrying the ‘Evils of Tobacco.' Smoking or ‘drinking’ tobacco was explicitly banned in the College rules in the 17th Century (Loren, 2016), except in the case of medical prescription. Although in our century, we largely associate smoking with ill-health and think of it as a dangerous habit, in the 18th Century smoking tobacco was prescribed for a number of illnesses. According to one writer in 1712 (The virtues and excellency of the American Tobacco plant, 1712), smoking tobacco ‘destroys Worms in Human Bodies, and is likewise by Experience found to be a Remedy against Leprosies, Scurvy and Itch.’ Loren (2016) lists still further illnesses tobacco was thought to cure, and also points out that the use of tobacco by the English suggests exchange between Indian and European communities, as well as a shared emotional community around health and wellness. In colonial New England, health was not just a physical but also a spiritual matter. In the attached images, you can also see a poem pointing out the spiritual benefits of smoking tobacco, and how pipe-smoking can act as a spiritual experience and as a metaphor for the human soul. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Loren, D. D. (2016). Bodily protection: Dress, health, and anxiety in colonial New England. In The Archaeology of Anxiety (pp. 141-156). Springer New York. Oswald, A. (1975). Clay pipes for the archaeologist. The virtues and excellency of the American tobacco plant, for cure of diseases, and preservation of health: and the noxious qualities of the tobacco growing in Northern countries: London: printed for R. Parker; and sold by J. Morphew, 1712. http://name.umdl.umich.edu/004861603.0001.000 (Accessed 04/04/17) https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files%2Fanth1130%2Foriginal%2F89cec367cdfa52bc94d281f330be2755.jpg https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files%2Fanth1130%2Foriginal%2F5dd44dea1ccfaf8a612a06bf4dfb79ba.jpg Harvard College Papers Volume XXVI, January 12th 1859. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files%2Fanth1130%2Foriginal%2Fc369f73bf6e873877e6ffd4a4a66bbd1.jpg https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433074856166;view=1up;seq=550 18 pipe https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/add6a9fe009154cca4ae5d04f65bdf40.jpg 9ce6084d52bd9ad7c671e704ba8ba4ae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource In the hurried production of the coin, some of the 1864 minted pieces were accidentally made with a smaller motto. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c3725d5dd66128f1dab5d4cb861e1c24.jpg d7b68238ac7c445144e7bae1560bdf2b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Many people, filled with uncertainty about the nation’s future, turned to religion. As such, the 2-cent coin was the first to bear the motto “IN GOD WE TRUST," which is now a standard on coins. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.pcgscoinfacts.com/Hierarchy.aspx?c=670&title=Two+Cent https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/907ee7d7a432c4ea6c63007b79dfd07d.jpg d81d24923f190128ee2b4d61c73bba1d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Memorial Hall was built to commemorate the lives of Harvard students and alumni who gave their lives to fight in the Civil War. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.vsba.com/projects/harvard-university-memorial-hall-loker-commons-and-sanders-theatre-restoration-and-renovation/ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name 1864 Coin Inventory Description This is an 1864 2-cent coin. This 2-cent coin was minted in 1864 and is made up mostly of copper with some tin and zinc. The coin was designed by James Barton Longacre. Peabody Number 2016.29.401 Culture/Period 1864 Intrasite H935 Level 3 Depth 63-73cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Personal Class 3 Coin Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.2 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.2 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1864 Coin Subject The topic of the resource The 2-cent coin was only in circulation from 1864-1873. During this time period, the nation was embroiled in the Civil War and its immediate aftermath. The 2-cent coin was a departure from previous denominations and it is hypothesized that public acceptance of the coin was due to extreme shortage of coins during the War. The coin was most in demand from 1864-1866 and waned in popularity as the country recovered from the economic strifes of wartime. This particular coin was found at Harvard University, a school that was deeply affected by the Civil War. Harvard students and alumni served in the 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment beginning in 1861. Harvard affiliates fought on both sides of the war and a total of 1,662 men served. Of these men, 246 died and the 20th Massachusetts regiment is known for its high casualties. Although the men of Harvard were not pressured to join the cause, many chose to enlist, as did many alumni. Classes at Harvard continued during the war and the students who survived the carnage returned to graduate with their classmates. To commemorate the sacrifice that many Harvard men made for the Union, Memorial Hall was erected and dedicated in 1874. The names of Harvard men who fought for the Union are listed on plaques that are still on display in Memorial Hall today. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Giedroyc, Richard. "Two and Three Cents: Two Cent." Home Page - PCGS CoinFact. PCGS CoinFacts, n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2017. <http://www.pcgscoinfacts.com/Hierarchy.aspx?c=670&title=Two+Cent>. "History of 'In God We Trust'." U.S. Department of the Treasury. N.p., 8 Mar. 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2017. <https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx>. Ireland, Corydon. "Blue, Gray, and Crimson." Harvard Gazette. Harvard University, 21 Mar. 2012. Web. 5 Apr. 2017. <http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/blue-gray-and-crimson/>. "Two-cent Piece (United States)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Jan. 2017. Web. 05 Apr. 2017. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-cent_piece_(United_States)>. 19 coin metal https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/438426e96318e0125d792f7eab9ac7a5.jpg e0e6b1cf91dbaf4296c35e1651f8ee7c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Seventeenth-century red clay brick that was likely used in the original construction of the chimneys or cellar floor of the Old College (begun 1638, completed 1643). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived (Davis, 1890). Photograph taken by Rachel Harner. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e0b9f766295f021b3ff95fe0adabf740.png 34d87e0b236fd6f3a95ca029c3604425 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. Corporation. Records of early Harvard buildings, 1710-1969. Photographic prints of the elevations and floor plans of Harvard College or "Old College" used for publication by Samuel E. Morison, February 1933. UAI 15.10.5 Box 1, Folder 9, Harvard University Archives. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:16731670?n=1 (modified by Rachel Harner) Title A name given to the resource This 1933 conjectural drawing by Samuel Morison of the exterior of the Old College shows the building sided with wood and hypothesizes locations for several possible brick chimneys. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/aac7b6f0e5ba234d61dd181f441f8383.png 07f4c055f7bc0df5cf66f13d1a3c8ce7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. Corporation. Records of early Harvard buildings, 1710-1969. Photographic prints of the elevations and floor plans of Harvard College or "Old College" used for publication by Samuel E. Morison, February 1933. UAI 15.10.5 Box 1, Folder 9, Harvard University Archives. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:16731670?n=7 (modified by Rachel Harner) Title A name given to the resource Morison’s drawing of the first floor of the Old College. Possible chimney flues are outlined, and the cellar would have been located under the west bay of the building. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/dee2e331dac051673b2911a69f0425ee.png 0bedb74616bcef32520c512034c75a01 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Cambridge brickyards active in the 19th-century, demonstrating how large an industry brickmaking grew to become in Cambridge 200 years after the first bricks were made on Colonial soil. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Map by Charles W. Eliot, 2nd. Cambridge Historical Society. 1971. http://www.cambridgehistory.org/content/romance-brick https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e0c02657fce471da53a9cad3ed7017f4.jpg 754f7041dde322a1de5c2831cb1b880e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This is Massachusetts Hall today. Still used as a dormitory, the building is the second-oldest academic building still in use in America, its bricks having withstood 300 years of wear. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard College Freshman Dean's Office. 2017. http://fdo.fas.harvard.edu/pages/ivy-yard Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Peabody Number 2016.29.332 Culture/Period 17th century Intrasite H942, Level 5 Depth 80-90cm Class 1 Architectural Class 2 Ceramic Class 3 Brick Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 11.0cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 22.5cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 6.0cm Object Name Red Clay Brick with Handprint Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red Clay Brick with Handprint Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Davis, Andrew McFarland. “The early college buildings at Cambridge. From Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April 30, 1890." Worcester, MA: C. Hamilton, 1890. Harvard University. Harvard College Records. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1925. Leighton, Henry and Heinrich Ries. History of the Clay-Working Industry in the United States. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1909. Long, Burton G. "The Romance of Brick. Read at a meeting of the Cambridge Historical Society, March 28, 1971." Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Historical Society, 1978. Stubbs, John Delano Jr., Ph.D. “Underground Harvard: The archaeology of college life.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 1992. Subject The topic of the resource Though the Harvard of today is recognized the world over for its iconic red brick architecture, the first purpose-built structure, the Old College, was undoubtedly constructed of wood, with 4,000 boards purchased in 1642 to side the building as it neared completion (Davis 1890). This means that the bricks uncovered in our excavation served very specific purposes, likely either as part of a chimney or the cellar, which excavations in the mid-1980s discovered had a brick floor (Stubbs 1992). The decision to construct such a monumental building from wood was likely influenced by Massachusetts’ prolific timber trade, since bricks at this time were still largely imported from England as ballast in the bottom of ships (Long 1971). However, early Harvard College records include a £2.15 charge for brickmakers, suggesting the bricks used in the construction of the Old College were some of the first made in what was quickly becoming a major new industry (Stubs 1992). In fact, the first house in Massachusetts made entirely of brick was erected in Boston in 1638, two years after the first land grant for brickmaking was issued (Reis, Leighton 1909). The premature deterioration of the Old College, which by 1679 is only referred to in the past tense, coupled with rapidly expanding local brick production, surely played a deciding role in the choice to construct the neighboring Indian College (1655) and still-standing Massachusetts Hall (1720) with brick, cementing (literally and figuratively) the association of Harvard to red clay bricks just like this one (Davis 1890; Reis, Leighton 1909). 17 brick https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/5f0e204bc8fe4a0919591cbbe9ffcb63.jpg 9de6e6086ae948f3b9513f2fde32b2c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red Clay Tobacco Pipe Bowl Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo Credit: David Ryan Description An account of the resource Red clay tobacco pipes were very uncommon in New England during the 17th century at Harvard. Most of the red clay pipes found during this time were from Pamplin, Virginia. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c10f0ca183b728d1118ba76958d1a209.jpg c04059580e902f8081d3737f06c5c109 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red clay tobacco pipe bowls from Pamplin, Virginia. Subject The topic of the resource This photo illustrates the differences between red clay tobacco pipes that have molds on their bowl compared to the plain ones like the one we discovered in Harvard Yard. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.peachstatearchaeologicalsociety.org/images/stories/pipes/clay%20pipe%20red%20pamplin%20pipe%20factory%20pamplin%20city%20va.jpg https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/28ce1f983f2ed9ba7c1cc5e40d68fa80.pdf 9f3e1624e834d76a89fe011c13dfa3b7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adams House portrait of wealth and tobacco pipes Subject The topic of the resource This portrait found in Adams House displays opulently dressed people; one man smoking from a pipe while many other pipes adorn the outer edge. This shows the significance of tobacco at Harvard as well as its link to social status. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo Credit: David Ryan The Coolidge Room, Randolph Hall, Adams House, Harvard College. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/7a470a8c6b4b4909e7d8ad54f6eef816.png 5561e7a3f7ea3e9d57fe4faf077f1cbb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Statutes and Lawes of Harvard College, 1655. Subject The topic of the resource This photo shows some of the rules of Harvard College from 1655 including the prohibition of tobacco from campus. These rules also highlight the social hierarchy that existed in everyday life at Harvard. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://ia800204.us.archive.org/17/items/acopylawsharvar00unkngoog/acopylawsharvar00unkngoog.pdf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 2 Archaeological Find Object Name Red Clay Pipe Bowl Inventory Description Red Clay Pipe Bowl Peabody Number 2016.29.100 Intrasite H932 Level 1 Depth 48-67 Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Pipe Class 3 Pipe Bowl Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.5 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 2.5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red Clay Pipe Bowl Subject The topic of the resource This pipe was likely produced in the Pamplin area of Virginia, which indicates that not only that Harvard students broke the school’s smoking rules in the 17th century, but also that they invested in the endeavor. Although a large majority of people smoked tobacco daily in this time period (Hume, 1970), it was very uncommon for a student to own a red clay pipe during colonial New England, which implies that this student went to great lengths to display that he came from a wealthy background. Social status dictated most areas of life at Harvard during the 17th century such as which buildings students lived in, where they ate and whether they were admitted to the college in the first place (Hall, 1856). Social status could be differentiated from smoker to smoker through the material of the pipe and the engravings or lack of on the pipe bowl. Tobacco was very inexpensive during this time period so it was common for most people to indulge recreationally, medicinally and even as a food substitute. The fact that there are no engravings or molds on this particular bowl suggests that the owner of it was not of exuberant wealth to pay for an intricate design. Of course, just as in the present day, the rules at Harvard then still prohibited the use of tobacco on campus and in dorm rooms. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hume, Ivor Noel. 1970. “A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America”. the University of Michigan: Alfred A. Knopf. Hall, Benjamin H. 1856. “A Collection of College Words and Customs”. Cambridge: John Bartlett. Capone, Patricia & Elinor Downes. 2004. “Red Clay Tobacco Pipes: Petrographic Window into Seventeenth Century Economics at Jamestown, Virginia and New England.” In S. Lafferty & R. Mann (Eds). Smoking and Culture: The Archaeology of Tobacco Pipes in Eastern North America. “ Univ. of Tennessee Press. 17 18 pipe