56 20 1152 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/de63062dc37cfd69ff167afdffd10b49.PNG 49a5acb05b060e47e76dfcfaf74ad4cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3D aerial Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kyle Sanok; Annie Lynch https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/20a08c4c1170a0af6b2d1b5a0146ca8b.jpg f92568ef0b56f48797a0de201ad9368b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource stratigraphy H962 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d127c5dae1453b33aa12392dbff9cb98.jpg c260a5f37084280ae55a02d3554f58c3 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4844e14d66e78a3c1318193003f70b02.jpg 5856d27662f0d6bfe58b0f0341bb80c4 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/fcfd1885688f783c1ea312f3bc133ae7.png f2592878437d1b560c4b4ad3cb6bf458 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/5f955853135f2edc88ce643a7e10fbf1.png d2717c152475224cb46d8fc826db78c4 Archaeological Find Object Name Glass Vessel Inventory Description Glass Vessel Peabody Number 2018.24.506 Intrasite H963 Level 3 Depth 70 - 80 cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Aqua Bottle Glass Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.64 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 3.64 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 1.43 Notes It has a pontil mark. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Glass Vessel Fragment Subject The topic of the resource This glass fragment was from what seems to be the bottom of a medicine glass. This bottle from the shape, pontil mark, and depth of discovery seems to be from late 17th or early 18th century. It seems to be a medicine bottle due to the size, shape, and slight green hue. The bottle size does not seem to show that it was angular at the top. The size of the bottle indicates that it was not used as a glass but rather as a vessel to store something. This bottle does not seem like it would be ornate or have heavy branding of the vessel. This is why it seems as though the local doctor or pharmacist was using this bottle to sell or give medicine to their patients to keep and store their medicine. At the time, there was not much access to doctors so people would have to live with pain and ailments due to the isolated nature of the early colonial New Englanders which leads people to have to store medicines in these glass bottles to self-treat and diagnose. Health concerns affected people of all social and economic status which is why medicine bottles would be found for most homes. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Source 1: https://sha.org/bottle/medicinal.htm Over the years, medicine bottles changed shapes and colors depending on the branding to the pharmacist. Before the Pure Food and Drug Act, the branding and drug information available was up to the pharmacist. Source 2: http://colonialnorthamerica.library.harvard.edu/spotlight/cna/feature/medicine-in-colonial-north-america Doctors in early colonial North America were also businessmen. Selling these medicines and their bottles was very important due to how isolated people tended to be. Source 3: Noël Hume, Ivor. Historical Archaeology. 1st Ed.] ed. New York: Knopf : Distributed by Random House, 1969. Medicine bottles over time have changed in shape and form. In the early seventeenth century, medicine bottles were often made in England. As time went on, the bottles became more angular. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e5546fe5c430dcb15cc11335657257b8.png 5f7795897abc9d78babeab9a379618f1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A composite image of the front and back of the copper alloy shank button, with scale. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo taken and edited by the author with the help of Wade Campbell. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f212894979c3b5075cc6b2f2916ab754.jpg 8a4b00a7ca317bb66034e191797bc779 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Massachusetts Bay Colony legislature codified Puritanical attitudes toward adornment in the seventeenth century (Whitmore 1889, 123). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Whitmore, William Henry 1889 The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts: Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Boston, MA. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/73d21cd3aa4719c6ea91df216beae2f9.jpg 057cebab921ae9ed63096bfa38a9e62c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This advertisement by merchant Abigail Whitney reflects the increased commercialism of eighteenth century Boston, as well as the popularity of adornments and the amplified public roles of women (Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768 “Imported from London, By Abigail Whitney.” Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary, March 31. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/7a7651e5082a379c6a144b5093f77f1f.jpg 7dafdc0bffb30cbbffc50d617e56a2e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This famous portrait of John Hancock illustrates how buttons could be both practical and lavish (Copley 1765). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Copley, John Singleton 1765 John Hancock. Painting, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA. Archaeological Find Object Name Heavily corroded copper alloy shank button Inventory Description A heavily corroded curved copper alloy button with sharp protrusion indicating shank, probable sleeve button. Peabody Number 2018.24.522 Intrasite H965 Level 2 Depth 62-72cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Personal Class 3 Button Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.01 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.01 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.1 Notes Most likely eighteenth century and of English origin Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Copper alloy shank button Subject The topic of the resource We live in changing times. A little over a century ago, the Massachusetts legislature expressed their “utter detestation & dislike, that men or women of mean condition, should take upon them the garb of Gentlemen by wearing gold or silvar lace, or buttons, or points at their knees, or to walk in great boots” (Whitmore 1889, 123). Just this morning, however, I visited Abigail Whitney’s shop on Union Street, where I found “white Lace... Ribbons, twist & mettal Buttons... shirt Buttons, Horn and Ivory Combs… English Shoes and Clogs,” and countless other adornments (Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768)! The Puritans might have shunned Abigail’s commercial extravagance, but I certainly appreciate her low prices and wide selection of adornments. I first learned about Abigail’s shop when she advertised in the Massachusetts Gazette. I took the advertisement as a testament to her business prowess–– there are quite a few women merchants in Boston, but few have the means to advertise in such prominent publications (Keyes 2018). The copper alloy shank sleeve button that I purchased from Abigail is nothing fancy, but it will help me look the part of an aspiring gentleman. I dream of one day being mistaken for John Hancock, who like me rose from impoverishment to study at Harvard College. John Singleton Copley’s recent portrait of John Hancock in his home on Beacon Street features him in a gorgeous navy blue frock coat with over a dozen exquisite buttons (Copley 1765). Many Bostonians look to John Hancock as a commercial or political leader, but I see him as a fashion icon! Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Copley, John Singleton 1765 John Hancock. Painting, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA. Fairfax County Archaeological Research Team 2017 “Eighteenth Century Buttons.” C.A.R.T. Archaeology website, February 3. Accessed April 5, 2019. https://cartarchaeology.wordpress.com/2017/02/03/eighteenth-century-buttons/. Hinks, Stephen 1988 A Structural and Functional Analysis of Eighteenth Century Buttons. Thesis, College of William and Mary. Keyes, Carl Robert 2018 “March 31.” The Adverts 250 Project website, March 31. Accessed April 5, 2019. https://adverts250project.org/2018/03/31/march-31-3/. Loren, Diana 2016 “Bodily Protection: Dress, Health, and Anxiety in Colonial New England.” In The Archaeology of Anxiety: The Materiality of Anxiousness, Worry, and Fear. Jeffrey Fleisher and Neil Norman, eds. Pp. 141-156. New York: Springer. Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768 “Imported from London, By Abigail Whitney.” Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary, March 31. Whitmore, William Henry 1889 The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts: Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Boston, MA. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/879f1d62d30406c8fa79d2fea37dbfd5.jpg 7ac08c66f15e70904bf7d5545792345e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments (Peabody 2018.24.153). https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/67da4a7184c34be76f3a215582b49bbb.jpg 6d92fbd8fd2432813a57d58a7e4a8474 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Children and pregnant mothers were often included on trade cards to signal the family-wide appropriateness of sarsaparilla. Images of youth enhanced the perception of longevity offered by patent medicine. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ayer, James C. (Manufacturer). "Trade card for Ayer's Sarsaparilla, Dr. J.C. Ayer & Co., Lowell, Mass, undated." Historic New England, https://hne-rs.s3.amazonaws.com/filestore/1/4/0/1/7/3_5db1a444c8edce7/140173scr_7a98622f3fa9326.jpg. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4ddedf6a7943efab87a3270e09c19387.jpg 01e3c82262778cbfa704bf57c627589e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Medicinal advertisements employed half-truths: It is likely that many Hood’s Sarsaparilla users had also recovered (naturally) from their ailments. Causal studies would not appear until the advances of twentieth-century statistics. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hood, Charles I. (Manufacturer). "In the Light of its Record of Cures take Hood's Sarsaparilla, 1896." Philadelphia Museum of Art, http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/228791.html?mulR=287. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/43da88af4ee355a59467a9169536eef2.jpg 4fa7fc8b66c1fbebd4061221608a31be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Patent medicine advertising drew power from its ubiquity. Even in Olean, NY (a town of 4,000 in the 1890 census), Hood’s Sarsaparilla would have been available at a local pharmacy. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hood, Charles I. (Manufacturer). “The Olean Democrat., March 10, 1887, Page 5, Image 5.” New York State Historic Newspapers, http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn92061812/1887-03-10/ed-1/seq-5/image_681x463_from_1700,4075_to_4413,5920.jpg. Archaeological Find Object Name Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments Inventory Description Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments Peabody Number 2018.24.153 Intrasite H962 Level 1 Depth 50-59 cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Aqua Bottle Glass Quantity 4 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 7.5 cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 4.5 cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.6 cm Notes The largest fragment features the letters "LOW" (partial "W") and "MAS" on two lines. A distinct possibility is noted of the object matching sarsaparilla bottle fragments found during the 2016 excavations (Peabody 2016.29.61). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments Subject The topic of the resource These aqua bottle fragments offer a glimpse into late nineteenth century medicinal advertising. Among many lucrative patent medicines was sarsaparilla, marketed as a "blood purifier" offering relief from anemia, indigestion and skin diseases, among other afflictions (Estes 1988, 6). Producers without formal medical training employed "medical propaganda" to promote sarsaparilla in calendars, almanacs, coloring books and other paper advertisements; by the late nineteenth century, most medical journals advertised patent medicines and physicians frequently prescribed them (Dykstra 1955, 402). This bottle was likely manufactured by either C.I. Hood & Co. or the James C. Ayer Company, which were both headquartered in Lowell, Massachusetts. The rival producers held substantial commercial influence: By the 1890s, Ayer distributed over 16 million annual copies of its almanac in 21 languages; Hood’s annual advertisements during the same period numbered 25 million, making it the largest user of U.S. mail in Lowell (Estes 1988, 8; Griffin 2014). Sarsaparilla advertisements often included chemical formulas to convey authority; others selectively quoted biblical verses, most notably Leviticus 17:11— "the life of the flesh is in the blood" (Estes 1988, 8, 11). Manufacturers often trademarked sarsaparilla rather than patenting it, which would have required disclosure of the 18% alcohol solution generating disproportionate financial returns (Dykstra 1955, 403, 406). The fragment’s raised lettering—which had appeared in medicine bottles by the late eighteenth century—serves as one example of the medical texts that permeated nineteenth-century Bostonian life (Hume 2001, 75). Whether advertised in newspapers, calendars or in glass, it would not be until the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act that proprietary medicines were placed under strict federal oversight. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Dykstra, David L. "The Medical Profession and Patent and Proprietary Medicines during the Nineteenth Century." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 29 (1955): 401-419. Estes, J. Worth. "The Pharmacology of Nineteenth-Century Patent Medicines." Pharmacy in History 30, no. 1 (1988): 3-18. Griffin, Jessica. "Hood’s Sarsaparilla, Lowell, MA." Old Main Artifacts. https://oldmainartifacts.wordpress.com/2014/01/21/hoods-sarsaparilla-lowell-ma/. Hume, Ivor Noël. 2001. A Guide to the Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e77e40ad066df7bb963832f0c11f0067.jpg b2d9d03e635959e912555b5659d90db9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Window glass fragments excavated in Level 1 of unit H964. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/1045618a5994f9531eded221450a04e3.jpg 8e8304fd1644e2c7adeaf63dfd0f2386 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource These 1655 college laws showcase how Harvard’s Puritan beliefs manifested in stringent rules for student behavior. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. Corporation. 1655. “Laws and Statutes of Harvard, 1655-1890.” https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:50738105$21i. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/23adef1b8fcf83fd68f62f76b4134321.jpg aa4b8971eb1e63ff4210d99c1d52db12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource These seventeenth century diamond-paned windows discovered in eastern Massachusetts provide insight into how the glass fragments may have looked in their diamond-pane frame. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Law, Heather, Guido Pezzarossi, Stephen Mrozowski, and David Landon. 2008. “ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTENSIVE EXCAVATION Hassanamesit Woods Property The Sarah Boston Farmstead, Grafton, Massachusetts The Hassanamesit Woods Management Committee Submitted to: The Town of Grafton, MA The Nipmuc Nation.” Boston Cultural Resource Management Study No. 26. The Andrew Fiske Memorial Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. https://www.grafton-ma.gov/sites/graftonma/files/pages/2008_fiske_hassanamesit_woods_report14_1.pdf. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/5dbf4a6373e8dfa7f269d79243752a16.jpg ab146bbd21148a120389f31f5caf4a8f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This conjectural image of the Old College provides insight into how the diamond pane windows that these glass fragments were likely from may have appeared within the larger Old College building. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Shurtleff, Harold Robert. 1668. Collegium Harvardianum Cantabrigiae in Nova Anglia, A.D. MDCLXVIII [Map, 1935]. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e73774c70425b920e985b17b4fe39780.jpg 11daad28d7def0beb945af11f621b182 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This Harvard disciplinary file describes Tudor’s breaking of a tutor’s window after his speech lamenting the unfairness of a new recitation rule. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. 1768b. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences vs Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189983?n=1. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/50d53937144b03e00e9a2556cb75b37c.jpg 3e597950ab3580f1f00ae037ea3c1822 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This Harvard disciplinary file reveals the motivations for Tudor’s window-breaking: anger at a new regulation imposed by tutors. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. 1768a. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences against Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189986?n=1 Archaeological Find Object Name Window Glass Fragments Inventory Description Window Glass Fragments Peabody Number 2018.24.283 Intrasite H964 Level 1 Depth 47-58cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Flat glass Class 3 Window glass Quantity 58 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.3 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Window Glass Fragments Subject The topic of the resource Because it was found in the same stratigraphic layer as what we believe is the Old College’s foundation trench, this array of broken glass likely dates to the seventeenth century Old College building. The characteristics of the glass are difficult to discern due to the small pieces of the fragments; however, given that windows during the time of the Old College were usually diamond-shaped, its likely that the window’s original form was a diamond (Hume 1970, 233; Stubbs 1992, 436). These seventeenth century diamond-paned windows discovered in eastern Massachusetts provide insight into how the glass fragments may have looked in their diamond-pane frame (Law et al 2008, 59). Additionally, this conjectural map of Harvard Yard provides insight into how the diamond pane windows may have appeared within the larger Old College building (Shurtleff 1935). These glass fragments shed light on student rule-breaking during early Harvard. Steeped in the Puritan belief that humans were naturally depraved sinners and that the devil was constantly at work, Harvard’s administration sought to forbade disorderly conduct by students, banning “drunkenness, fighteing, sweareing, curseing, filthy, speakeing profanes, reveling, playing at cards and dice, or such like” in the Harvard College Laws of 1655 (Mather 1639, 1-18; Godbeer 1989, 50-95; Chauncey et al. 1655, 12). Yet, students would often break the windows of tutors to signal their displeasure with college rules; during the seventeenth century there were six different “student riots and window breaking sprees” (Stubbs 1992, 96). An account of a later window breaking incident from 1768 can provide insight into the reasons that students broke tutor’s windows. Angry at a new recitation rule imposed by tutors, one student, William Tudor, is listed in Harvard’s disciplinary files as making “a long speech putting forth the unreasonableness of the regulation.” (Wright 2017, 1-1ii; Harvard University-a 1768, 1). Tudor escalated his actions against a tutor to window breaking; a separate Harvard disciplinary files reads that after his speech he proceeded in the “breaking of W Willards windows” (Harvard University-b 1768, 1). Perhaps these glass fragments come from a similar incident! Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft ... Reprinted from the North American Review, Etc. 1869. Godbeer, Richard. 1989. “The Devil’s Dominion: Magic and Religion in Early New England.” Ph.D., United States -- Massachusetts: Brandeis University. http://search.proquest.com/docview/303735908/abstract/7FAC6283DD6C46A1PQ/1. Harvard University. 1768a. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences against Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189986?n=1. ———. 1768b. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences vs Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189983?n=1. Harvard University. Corporation. 1655. “Laws and Statutes of Harvard, 1655-1890.” https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:50738105$21i. Law, Heather, Guido Pezzarossi, Stephen Mrozowski, and David Landon. 2008. “ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTENSIVE EXCAVATION Hassanamesit Woods Property The Sarah Boston Farmstead, Grafton, Massachusetts The Hassanamesit Woods Management Committee Submitted to: The Town of Grafton, MA The Nipmuc Nation.” Boston Cultural Resource Management Study No. 26. The Andrew Fiske Memorial Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. https://www.grafton-ma.gov/sites/graftonma/files/pages/2008_fiske_hassanamesit_woods_report14_1.pdf. Mather, Cotton. 1991. “A Discourse on the Power and Malice of the Devils.” In Cotton Mather: Historical Writings. Library of American Puritan Writings ; v. 23. New York, N.Y.: AMS Press. Noël Hume, Ivor. 1970. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Knopf,. Peabody, Stephen. 2017. Pedagogues and Protesters:The Harvard College Student Diary of Stephen Peabody, 1767-1768. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press in association with Massachusetts Historical Society. Shurtleff, Harold Robert. 1668. Collegium Harvardianum Cantabrigiae in Nova Anglia, A.D. MDCLXVIII [Map, 1935]. Stubbs, John Delano. 1992. “Underground Harvard: The Archaeology of College Life.” 1992. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/2ad151d711eda852b82650fc42ad84fb.JPG 3a712aca45f32bacb5e21d104c2a8556 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of the Manganese-Mottled Sherd https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/42e8a65a8ec696d048859003883211c4.JPG 6221087b144d4a63e460fc408cd97439 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of the Manganese-Mottled Sherd https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/bab08c64718f46b93b87715e614422cd.jpg 86f3cdbcba2819d5147a9d4eb79d13a9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A 17th Century Tavern by David Teniers entitled "Smokers and Drinkers" (1660). Archaeological Find Object Name Manganese-Mottled Earthenware Sherd Inventory Description In a quiet town in the West Midlands of England in the late 1600s, a potter spins a wheel of clay. Amidst the bustling factory, he hones in on his trademark speciality, a manganese-mottled tankard. The finished product has a smooth rim, with dark purplish brown flecks and streaks of manganese (Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum 2008). Accompanied by a caramel brown lead glaze, this tankard’s elegance is found in its simplicity. These black mugs and tankards gained popularity beginning in the 17th century (Hume 2006). Many manganese-mottled tankards journeyed from the potter’s wheel in the West Midlands to colonial towns such as Charlestown. For these young colonies, taverns were centers of community life and it is likely that a manganese-mottled tankard would have found its way there. As songs played in the background, citizens could often be found socializing over tankards of beers and smoking pipes. The Three Cranes Tavern in Charlestown and the Goody Bradish Tavern right next to Harvard were familiar spots for many a Harvard man (Morrison 1936). The Puritan leaders of the time attempted to control drinking and smoking by outlawing them from the Harvard campus. In fact, both drinking and smoking were explicitly outlawed in the College Book of Laws (College Book 1636). When students wanted a drink, many would come to these taverns. Today, we have some records that depict what taverns in the 17th century were like. For example, Dutch painter David Teniers has manifested the frivolity and light-heartedness of taverns in his painting “Smokers and Drinkers” (Teniers 1660). These taverns were the precise antithesis of the stern and austere Harvard institution of the time. Manganese-mottled earthenware was eventually made in the colonies, and by the 18th century, it had become much more ubiquitous. Students at the College brought their own vessels to use, and their vessel of choice often corresponded with their socioeconomic status. Manganese-mottled earthenware speaks to both the traditional table at Harvard, which was defined by scheduled meal times and socioeconomic hierarchy, and it also speaks to the other, more licentious Harvard experience that took place in taverns. Today, it is likely that sherds of manganese-mottled earthenware are located below our feet in Harvard Yard. Perhaps some originated from the West Midlands and perhaps some traces back to the Three Cranes Tavern; however, it is clear that no matter the origin, this ceramic sheds light on life in the 17th and 18th centuries at Harvard. Peabody Number 2018.24.476 Intrasite H957 Level 3 Depth 70-80 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Earthenware Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.1 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 0.9 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manganese-Mottled Earthenware Sherd Subject The topic of the resource In a quiet town in the West Midlands of England in the late 1600s, a potter spins a wheel of clay. Amidst the bustling factory, he hones in on his trademark speciality, a manganese-mottled tankard. The finished product has a smooth rim, with dark purplish brown flecks and streaks of manganese (Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum 2008). Accompanied by a caramel brown lead glaze, this tankard’s elegance is found in its simplicity. These black mugs and tankards gained popularity beginning in the 17th century (Hume 2006). Many manganese-mottled tankards journeyed from the potter’s wheel in the West Midlands to colonial towns such as Charlestown. For these young colonies, taverns were centers of community life and it is likely that a manganese-mottled tankard would have found its way there. As songs played in the background, citizens could often be found socializing over tankards of beers and smoking pipes. The Three Cranes Tavern in Charlestown and the Goody Bradish Tavern right next to Harvard were familiar spots for many a Harvard man (Morrison 1936). The Puritan leaders of the time attempted to control drinking and smoking by outlawing them from the Harvard campus. In fact, both drinking and smoking were explicitly outlawed in the College Book of Laws (College Book 1636). When students wanted a drink, many would come to these taverns. Today, we have some records that depict what taverns in the 17th century were like. For example, Dutch painter David Teniers has manifested the frivolity and light-heartedness of taverns in his painting “Smokers and Drinkers” (Teniers 1660). These taverns were the precise antithesis of the stern and austere Harvard institution of the time. Manganese-mottled earthenware was eventually made in the colonies, and by the 18th century, it had become much more ubiquitous. Students at the College brought their own vessels to use, and their vessel of choice often corresponded with their socioeconomic status. Manganese-mottled earthenware speaks to both the traditional table at Harvard, which was defined by scheduled meal times and socioeconomic hierarchy, and it also speaks to the other, more licentious Harvard experience that took place in taverns. Today, it is likely that sherds of manganese-mottled earthenware are located below our feet in Harvard Yard. Perhaps some originated from the West Midlands and perhaps some traces back to the Three Cranes Tavern; however, it is clear that no matter the origin, this ceramic sheds light on life in the 17th and 18th centuries at Harvard. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “After David Teniers the Younger | Peasant Seated, Smoking and Drinking, to the Left of a Table | The Met.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum. Accessed April 4, 2019. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/376343. “Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland.” Accessed April 4, 2019. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/colonialceramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/ManganeseMottled.html. Harvard University. Corporation. College Book 1, 1636-1795. UAI 5.5, Accessed April 1st, 2019. Harvard University Archives. Hume, Ivor Noel. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania, 2001. Accessed April 1st, 2019. Print. Morison, Samuel Eliot. Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century. Accessed April 1st, 2019. Harvard university press, 1936. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a45cf6b43d04e06727225d20b731f8f2.JPG c16e0ae59edfaff4616445767da638e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tin glazed earthenware sherd with hand painted Chinese floral pattern. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/992341c7f62990fc7dbf08be6adae9d2.png 568d1d1dc5c02bc042f9b81b36cd886c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A painting of gentlemen surrounding a table-clothed table with a blue patterned punchbowl. The clear positioning of the bowl reflects its significance as an indicator of social standing. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Unknown artist. 1732. A Midnight Modern Conversation. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection. https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/1671164 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/feb1611fc6168a20520737ab1948abd0.jpeg 8ccddb9040aed04a8b33527902799ee4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A full-sized tin glazed earthenware punchbowl, decorated with a Chinese floral pattern, from the Two Friends Cite 18CH308. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/ColonialCeramics/Colonial-LargeImages/Tin%20Glazed/TG-18CH308-3.htm Archaeological Find Object Name Tin Glazed Earthenware, Blue Handpainted, Chinese Blue Floral Inventory Description Tin Glazed Earthenware, Blue Handpainted, Chinese Blue Floral Peabody Number 2018.24.473 Intrasite H957 Level 4 Depth 80-90 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Earthenware Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.3 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.8 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tin Glazed Earthenware Sherd Subject The topic of the resource This small sherd of tin glazed earthenware gives an insight into the divided socio-economic nature that existed in the dining area at the college. The visible hand painted blue splotch was likely part of an elaborate Chinese floral design, which was particularly popular between 1690-1770’s (“Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland” 2019). From the very start of college, freshmen were ranked by their social standing and perceived value to the community. This ranking stayed with them throughout their time at Harvard and affected many different aspects of their experience, including how they ate (Johnson 2017). Unlike the equal dining culture a Harvard student encounters today, there were a number of ways students were subject to varying degrees of wealth in the dining area. This became increasingly prominent during the 18th century as the growing desire for materialistic items was exemplified through the refined design of the dining table. This sherd was likely part of an elaborate fruit bowl, put on display in the center of a Fellows' table due to its resemblance of expensive Chinese porcelain. The expensive glazing and design process of this ceramic, known as Delftware (Hume 2001), was a particularly apparent indicator of social distinction. The owner of this sherd likely inscribed their initials on the bottom of the bowl as direct evidence of their social rank. Dining at the Fellows' Table was exclusive to those who had a higher rank and were amongst the more affluent students (“Digging Veritas” 2019). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland.” Jefpat.Org. website, 2019. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/index.htm “Digging Veritas”. 2019. Harvard Peabody Museum website. https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/digging-veritas-exhibition Hume, Ivor Noel. 2001. A guide to the artifacts of colonial America. University of Pennsylvania Press. Johnson, Claudia Durst. 2017. Daily life in colonial New England. ABC-CLIO. Unknown artist. 1732. A Midnight Modern Conversation. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e2b337c26fd7458b1b0266987ab822eb.jpg 5077c46dfe2b75c908c92f1aefd8ccd8 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/df6303976d4a1a900d421bcd94515052.jpg 9d5be6dfe3186f15a40dd5f392b0d272 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/21e473bee18630e68b6426658625791a.jpg 52a56371bebd13203e217019eaefcb50 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f2df3c24d9f94985a78fb52efa7b224e.jpeg c7d40fa0033ce096d760cf55324248ee Archaeological Find Object Name Rhenish Blue on Grey Stoneware Sherds Inventory Description Rhenish Blue on Grey Stoneware Sherds Peabody Number 2018.24.590 Culture/Period 17th Century Intrasite H963 Level 4 Depth 80 - 100 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Stoneware Class 3 Sherd Quantity 6 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4.14 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 4.09 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.57 Notes These six Rhenish stoneware sherds cross-mend. They may have been part of a jug. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Present in Both Vermeer's Dutch Republic and Chauncy's Harvard: The Intercontinental Trade of Rhenish Stonewares Subject The topic of the resource This grouping of six blue on grey stoneware sherds illustrates both the extent of the European ceramic trade and the foodways of colonists in the seventeenth century. Since the sherds cross-mend and two of them have ribbed edges, this collection may have once been part of a jug or tankard. This jug would have been a gorgeous example of Rhenish stoneware from the Westerwald region of Germany. Westerwald was one of the centers of European stoneware production throughout the seventeenth century and ceramics produced there were exported throughout the rest of Europe and the English colonies. Due to the fragile nature of ceramics, it is unlikely that the early colonists brought over many with them. American production of stonewares did not really take off until the early eighteenth century, so the first few generations of colonists depended on Atlantic trade with England and the rest of Europe for their ceramic needs. It is also interesting to note the forms of ceramics present in archaeological excavations. In seventeenth century sites, such as the Old College Building, there were very few, if any, plates. Meals were taken on wooden trenchers, which were shared by two to three “trencher mates.” Ceramics were typically used either to consume or store liquids. Storage forms were eventually standardized and often had numbers incised into them to demarcate the quantity of liquid they could hold. This jug may have once held a wide variety of liquids, ranging from the beer that accompanied the students’ morning bever (light breakfast) to the wine that students drank surreptitiously in their quarters after hours. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sources: Deetz, James. 1996. In Small Things Forgotten: An Archaeology of Early American Life. New York, NY: Anchor Books. “Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland.” Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum website. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/ "Historic Archaeology Type Collection." Florida Museum website. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/typeceramics/type/stoneware-rhenish-blue-and-gray/ Hume, Ivor Noël. 1969. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. Images: “Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland.” Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum website. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/colonialceramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/Rhenish.html - This is a good example of a blue on grey stoneware jug. The six sherds we found in Level 4 may have once been part of a similar jug. Essential Vermeer 2.0. "The Procuress." http://www.essentialvermeer.com/catalogue/procuress.html#.XKbGgxNKgWo - This painting is interesting because it illustrates the presence of Rhenish stoneware across Continental Europe during the 17th Century. As shown by our excavations, Rhenish stoneware also made it across the Atlantic. Examples have even been found in the Spanish colonies in Florida and Central America. It is clear there was a thriving trade. World Menagerie. "Bakken Trencher Dough Bowl." https://www.wayfair.com/decor-pillows/pdx/world-menagerie-bakken-trencher-dough-bowl-w001200567.html/ - This modern-day trencher resembles the trenchers that Harvard students would have eaten off of in the 17th Century. Due to their construction, few, if any, trenchers have survived since the 17th century. The absence of plates in the archaeological record, however, makes it clear that trenchers were used for food consumption, instead of plates. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ca82cc05eccd4782b405ff8d5a68fe1c.jpg f2ce6d2f9783770429854216123d5197 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clear glass bottle fragment Subject The topic of the resource This is a fragment of a bottle that was found in Level 1 of Unit H961 in Harvard Yard. It is likely from a Whittemore Shoe Polish bottle given the font, lettering, and color. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/7c35ccc15ed9ac81f2056efabaa02086.jpeg 09eb48603b270898bc01f2e730119911 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whittemore Shoe Polish ad Subject The topic of the resource This is an ad for Whittemore's shoe polish. This is the product that the bottles were used to house. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c058e3b8046c74d69239151bf01125aa.jpg 94fe19d0af149a5aefdd9cdef532b0fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whittemore Glass Bottle Subject The topic of the resource The fragment found in Unit H961 seems to be a piece of the bottle featuring the final two letters of "Boston". https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/9172aba3e01f6b36134e3c03d19151dc.png fbb4449c9ab90ed70133aaed4b6e46c3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ad in Harvard Lampoon Subject The topic of the resource This is an ad placed by Max Keezer for his store in the Harvard Lampoon. It is from an issue that ran in April of 1905. Archaeological Find Object Name Clear glass bottle fragment Inventory Description Clear glass fragment, probable sherd from Whittemore Boston bottle given letter font and placement. Intrasite H961, Level 1 Depth 0-59cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle glass Class 3 Clear bottle glass Quantity 1 Notes There is a slight curve to the fragment, as well as a raising where the lettering is. Only the letters "O" and "N" are visible. Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.6cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.8 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .4cm Peabody Number 2018.24.796 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bringing the Shine Back: Uncovering a Whittemore Shoe Polish Bottle Subject The topic of the resource 26 August, 1909 Sitting at the counter, the shopkeep was dozing as the airy chatter of students passing by outside lulled him to sleep. A clear bottle sits poised on the highest shelf, catching the warm afternoon light that filled Keezer’s Clothier. The door chimes signaling the arrival of a customer and startling Max Keezer awake. A young man enters the shop. He is the servant of Thomas Sterns Eliot, an incoming first-year student at the College. Thomas is a young man moving into Apley Court, the illustrious dorm on the famed “Gold Coast” built twelve years prior by John Howe. He is preparing the room for Eliot’s arrival later this week and is hoping to buy some Gilt Edge Dressing so he can shine his shoes before he arrives. Max Keezer nods sagely and reaches behind the counter for the bottle carefully embossed with WHITTEMORE BOSTON. The servant accepts the bottle gratefully, years of service seemingly fused in his bones. Eliot is unlikely to even notice when his shoes are shined, but he will certainly notice when they are not. He relishes this unspoken marker of his prestige above the boys in the yard, men of a different life. As he left with a wave, Mr. Keezer is left to ponder the life of a servant amidst the wealth and entitlement that dominates life less than a mile down the road from his very shop. He thinks about the cramped rooms and poor meals that define life as a student’s servant. This unspoken relationship between the bubbling to the top of the champagne glass for one party and the scalded and stained hands that clean that very glass at the end of the night when the toasts are over. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <p><b>Sources:</b></p> <p><b>Cambridge Chronicle Article:</b></p> <p><b>“Cambridge Chronicle, 2 October 1897.” </b><b><i>Cambridge Chronicle 2 October 1897 - Cambridge Public Library</i></b><b>, 2 Oct. 1897, cambridge.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/cambridge?a=d&amp;d=Chronicle18971002-01.2.118&amp;e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------.</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This article heralds the 1897 opening of Apley Court, the only freshman dormitory on the so-called “Gold Coast”. &nbsp;Students of Apley Court were wealthier and often had servants who lived with them.</span></p> <p><b>Article on Student Life at 1900s Harvard</b></p> <p><b>“Harvard 1900 – Student Life – FDR Foundation.”</b><b><i> FDR Foundation</i></b><b>, fdrfoundation.org/the-fdr-suite/harvard-1900-student-life/.</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This source explicates the divide between the wealthy students who lived on the “Gold Coast” and those who lived in the yard. The more privileged students often came to Harvard with servants who would assist them with more menial tasks.</span></p> <br /> <p><b>Cambridge Timeline:</b></p> <p><a href="https://kids.kiddle.co/Timeline_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts"><b>Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts Facts for Kids</b></a><b>. </b><b><i>Kiddle Encyclopedia.</i></b></p> <p><b>https://kids.kiddle.co/Timeline_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts </b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This source provides a date for the 1895 establishment of the longstanding clothing store, Keezer’s Clothier in Cambridge. This store was and continues to be a regular haunt for students.</span></p> <br /> <p><b>Images:</b></p> <p><b>Photo and article on Whittemore Glass bottles:</b></p> <p><b>“Whittemore Boston U.S.A. Shoe Polish Bottles.” GLASS BOTTLE MARKS, www.glassbottlemarks.com/whittemore-boston-antique-bottles/.</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Whittemore Bottle, dated between 1870 and 1930. According to the site, these bottles were most often used to house shoe polish. This provides context for who would have been buying/using the bottle. Also, gives reason for the bottle to be in Keezer’s, a store that sold luxury clothes.</span></p> <p><b>Keezer’s Advertisement in Lampoon</b></p> <p><b>Keezer, Max. “Keezer's Advertisement.” </b><b><i>The Harvard Lampoon</i></b><b>, 20 Mar. 1905.<br />https://books.google.com/books?id=RAUTAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA19&amp;lpg=PA19&amp;dq=harvard+lampoon+keezers&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=gMYJ4bSNWB&amp;sig=ACfU3U3q-1EYBBhqwLOekF3br2iH2s_5YA&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiegOSo1rnhAhVodt8KHQ4-BGQQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=harvard%20lampoon%20keezers&amp;f=false<br /></b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This advertisement from a 1904 issue of the Harvard Lampoon depicts Max Keezer asking for old clothes for his storefront on Bow Street. Keezer was likely to also have been selling shoe polish for the shoes he peddled. </span></p> <p><b>“Whittemore, Boston, French Gloss,” </b></p> <p><a href="https://baybottles.com/2018/04/01/whittemore-boston-french-gloss/"><b>https://baybottles.com/2018/04/01/whittemore-boston-french-gloss/</b></a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This website provides an amazing image of an intact Whittemore bottle. It also gives an example of Whittemore Shoe Polish ads, which is what the bottles were used for.</span></p> 19 20 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a170c6d449a2b0edf3684934689f0758.jpeg 222df67cb8632251959f2fea7b7464bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource These are cross mended fragments of a dining plate that was found in Level 1 of Unit H958 in Harvard Yard https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a13a3b226d756a3bf53f2abefc9640da.jpg d7d45aef4dc4877d5a0cb086e969a1cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Federal Reserve Feature 30 Description An account of the resource a. This pearlware plate, dated to c.1814, depicts an American scene with a continuous floral design on edge. The center illustration reflects the rising demand for American designs from the colonies, and the detail and symmetry exemplify the improvement made with transfer printing over other techniques. Also pictured in back is the Ridgway maker’s mark, a prominent Staffordshire pottery. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Printed%20Earthenwares/Central%20Designs/Thumbnail%20pages/British%20and%20American%20Central%20Designs.htm https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/17e9bc31d62992f9ed8541fd2e57d5e1.jpg 53c0d32356f9774ecd01ffa20b595608 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Federal Reserve Feature 30 Description An account of the resource a. This pearlware plate, dated to c.1814, depicts an American scene with a continuous floral design on edge. The center illustration reflects the rising demand for American designs from the colonies, and the detail and symmetry exemplify the improvement made with transfer printing over other techniques. Also pictured in back is the Ridgway maker’s mark, a prominent Staffordshire pottery. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Printed%20Earthenwares/Central%20Designs/Thumbnail%20pages/British%20and%20American%20Central%20Designs.htm https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/6ffc7a8e0e6db5024babf055ef4c32c2.jpg 9b07ec615f7cf77cbf4e674f9aedb5c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kilns in Hanley – 1930 Description An account of the resource This image depicts the growth of pottery industrialization in Hanley, part of Staffordshire. It is representative of how pottery went from the hands of individual skilled potters to being mass produced in factories, as was the case with transfer printed pearlware in the early 18th century. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.thepotteries.org/six_towns/hanley.htm Archaeological Find Object Name Transfer Printed Pearlware Sherds Inventory Description 3 Transfer Printed Pearlware Sherds Peabody Number 2018.24.75 Intrasite H958 Level 1 Depth 50-60cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Earthenware Class 3 Pearlware Quantity 3 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.9 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 3.2 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .6 Notes 3 Transfer Printed Pearlware Sherds. Fenced Design. All 3 Sherds cross-mend Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transfer Print Pearlware Sherds Subject The topic of the resource Transfer Print Pearlware as part of improvement in technology and a global economy Description An account of the resource Transfer printed pearlware like the ceramic depicted gives us a sense of the rapid improvement in technology as well as the effects of the ever-expanding transatlantic trade system of the early 19th century. While earlier techniques like hand painting produced ceramics with an excellent level of craftmanship and artistry, the process was laborious and costly, restricting the number of objects in circulation and leaving potters in a relatively niche market. By the mid 18th century, England began using the transfer printing process, enabling higher quality, more consistent, and detailed representations on various ceramics, a technological marvel at the time. Not only that, the process was far more cheaply, opening the door for mass production of fine painted ceramics, thus consolidating the market to a fewer number of large manufacturers, meaning that finished products from England could reach the colonies more easily in larger quantities. While many of the artifacts collected at Harvard Yard had been manufactured more locally, pearlware from this time came all the way from England by the Staffordshire Potteries, a vanguard of the industrial revolution. Finished products arrived in the colonies as part of the larger triangular trade system, so with this pearlware we are looking at material evidence of the inhabitants of colonial Harvard directly enjoying the benefits of a new global trade system. They could now dine with beautifully painted pearlware, but for a fraction of the price. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Transfer-printed Creamware and Pearlware for the American Market” Nelson describes the expansion of transfer printed creamware pearlware into the American market. She explains that original American scenes started to be depicted in English-produced ceramics, indicating the rising demand for these objects in the colonies as part of a large trade system. “Kilns in Hanley – 1930” aThis image depicts the growth of pottery industrialization in Hanley, part of Staffordshire. It is representative of how pottery went from the hands of individual skilled potters to being mass produced in factories, as was the case with transfer printed pearlware in the early 18th century. http://www.thepotteries.org/six_towns/hanley.htm “Federal Reserve Feature 30” This pearlware plate, dated to c.1814, depicts an American scene with a continuous floral design on edge. The center illustration reflects the rising demand for American designs from the colonies, and the detail and symmetry exemplify the improvement made with transfer printing over other techniques. Also pictured is the Ridgway maker’s mark, a prominent Staffordshire pottery. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Printed%20Earthenwares/Central%20Designs/Thumbnail%20pages/British%20and%20American%20Central%20Designs.htm https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/76f6b2b8d191eec89b4e4bc5f0893756.JPG 4e8177c017fa8b81d6a96188badc0705 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/10fe652ac24774522c5f4b5fb5e26a4c.jpg 92476510f8f77d952b8ca7073f9be193 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a32677b7cd962b2bdd089316ecc86eec.jpg 12c828570d87af3279eadb04c048904a Archaeological Find Object Name Shell Fragment Inventory Description Shell Fragment Peabody Number 2018.24.93 Intrasite H955 Level 1 Depth 51-61 cm Class 1 Organic Class 2 Shell Class 3 Fragment Quantity 5 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 1.9 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.6 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shell Fragment Subject The topic of the resource These shell fragments found in Harvard Yard tell us a little about the diet of colonial students at Harvard. Shellfish, like the oysters seen here, would have made up part of the cuisine of any student at Harvard. Cookbooks from the seventeenth century tell us how they may have been served: covered in flour and then fried. In addition, images from the eighteenth century tell us how much they would have cost: twelve pence a peck (approximately 15 pounds). Dining at Harvard would have been a community affair, and there were very strict rules for dining staff about what could be served and when. One such rule was, “not to have the same dish ordinarily above twice in one week.” Students, professors, and tutors could all be found dining together in the hall. It is very possible that one of the dishes they dined on was shellfish, probably locally sourced from the Atlantic Ocean. Knowing the date of these particular shells is difficult to determine, as they are organic materials without any style or build that might indicate their time period. They were found with pipe stems dating between 1720-1800, so it is possible they are also from that time, but certainly not definitively. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived To frye Mussels, Perywinckels, or Oysters, to serue with a Ducke, or single by themselves. BOyle these shell-Fishes: then flowre and frye them: then put them into a Pipkin, with a pinte of Claret Wine, Sinamon, Sugar, and Pepper. Take your Ducke boyled or roasted, and put them into two seuerall Pipkins, if one be boyled, and the other roasted and a little Sugar, large Mace, and fryed toasts, stuck around about it with Butter. http://www.staff.uni-giessen.de/gloning/tx/1615murr.htm This 1615 cookbook shows a common method of cooking shellfish. The Puritans would have had English cookbooks like this one in 17th century New England. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:14107855 The Harvard Steward Records show what dining at Harvard would have been like, including the rule “That there always be two dishes for dinner.” Shellfish may have comprised one of those dishes. http://id.lib.harvard.edu/via/olvwork732808/catalog This 1733 image shows a man selling Oysters, a common food in the period, and a common find in the Harvard Yard Excavation. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jamie 17 organic https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/9cac0f99bc42de2d6de0f4858db1d63f.png adaa95350ebc2f62808f8ff44d63a6bc https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/3e66c6de93905169b5cb448aa334faea.png 91cf22b7397d44460443c2dabbeed9ad https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/51895936d1c6235f8fd71d9147f7784d.png deba2ff7895cc97e2a392f341112da47 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brickmakers had to tread through the clay to mix it before using standardized molds to create the bricks (How to Make Bricks). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Center for Traditional Craft to Make Savannah Grey Bricks with Historic Homeowners Academy.” 2016. Savannah Technical College. September 29. https://www.savannahtech.edu/center-traditional-craft-make-savannah-grey-bricks-historic-homeowners-academy/. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/058e6fd2d956c4cdae7b47ee7292ceed.png 4aba81c3840fc5f13a1dc1a8b76d07f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This image shows a team loading wood into a brick clamp at Colonial Williamsburg. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Making, Baking, and Laying Bricks.” 2019. Accessed April 25. http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter05-06/bricks.cfm. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2019 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name Glazed brick fragment Inventory Description Glazed brick fragment Peabody Number 2018.24.223 Intrasite H962 Level 1 Depth 50.0-59.0cm Class 1 Architectural Class 2 Brick Quantity 2 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 5.5cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 4.5 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 3.1 Notes Exterior of brick is glazed brown-green. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Glazed brick fragment Subject The topic of the resource Most colonial-era bricks were manufactured at the sites where they were used, although some were transported from England as ballast (Hume 1962, 82). Massachusetts regulations on brick production from 1670 and 1711 suggest that the industry was established early on (Carroll 1976). Bricks were typically produced in ovens called clamps, where uneven heat caused different brick qualities (Harris 1723, How To 2019). Richard Neve wrote in 1736 that “The first and best sort for lasting are those which lie next the Fire, and have as it were, a Gloss on them, which proceeds from the Salt-petre inherent in them, which by the Violence of the Fire, runs and glazes them; these are called Clinkers” (Hume 1969, 81; Neve 1736, 74). These might have served a decorative purpose (Pyska 2017). Although some scholars insist clinkers were discarded (Akthar 2013), Neve’s account and other contemporary descriptions that state clinkers were “used in architecture” (Harris 1723) suggest that these bricks were utilized. This specimen displays clinkers’ characteristic glossy exterior and dark body (Balme 2009, 378). Since clinkers were “eliminated” as production improved in the late 19th century (Akthar 2013, 3) and this artifact was discovered alongside a 17th century roof tile in Level 1, which suggests mixing occurred, it is likely that the brick dates to an earlier period. It may have adorned Harvard’s Indian College or the chimney of the 17th century Old College building (Davis 1890, 16), for which a foundation trench was discovered nearby. Alternatively, it might date to a later structure, like the old Harvard Hall building, which burnt down in 1764 (Saved 2001). Description An account of the resource Supporting Sources: This video from Colonial Williamsburg provides a brief description of brick production: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUtEcVxaXXQ This is a very similar artifact that was excavated in New York. Like the HYAP brick, it displays glazing on three sides: http://archaeology.cityofnewyork.us/collection/search/south-ferry-terminal-104404-brick-fragment/keyword/vitrified%20brick You might also be interested in: Omeka #901: Brick Fragment This brick fragment is uneven and displays dark patches along the edge. This suggests that it might also be a partially vitrified clinker. Omeka #859: Plinth Squint Like clinkers, plinth squints were a special kind of decorative brick. Plinth squints were uncovered from the excavations of Harvard’s Indian College. Omeka #1474: Large Fragment of a Curved Roof Tile Roof tiles, like clinker bricks, may have served a decorative and ostentatious purpose. These roof tiles can be clearly linked to Harvard’s Old College, which might also be the source of the clinker brick. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Akhtar, Alafia. 2013. “One Man’s Trash Is Another Man’s Treasure: The Transition of Clinker Brick from Disposable to Decorative.” Columbia University. doi:10.7916/D8HX1C1C. Balme, Jane, and Alistair Paterson. 2009. Archaeology in Practice: A Student Guide to Archaeological Analyses. John Wiley & Sons. Carroll, Orville W. 1976. “Early Brick Laws in Massachusetts.” Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology 8 (2): 20–23. doi:10.2307/1493512. Davis, Andrew McFarland. 1890. The Early College Buildings at Cambridge. Worcester [Mass.]: C. Hamilton. http://tinyurl.galegroup.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/tinyurl/9rmU81. “How to Make Bricks for a 17th-Century Tower - YouTube.” 2019. Accessed April 25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUtEcVxaXXQ. Hume, Ivor Noël. 1969. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Harris, John. Lexicon Technicum: Or, an Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining Not Only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves. Vol.II. By John Harris, D.D. Late Secretary to the Royal Society, and Chaplain to the Lord High-Chancellor of Great Britain. 1723. The second edition. Vol. Volume 2. 2 vols. London. http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupName=camb55135&tabID=T001&docId=CW3313012729&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticles&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE. Neve, Richard. 1736. The City and Country Purchaser’s and Builder’s Dictionary. The third edition, Corrected and improved throughout. London. http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupName=camb55135&tabID=T001&docId=CW3308483188&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticles&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE. Pyszka, Kimberly. 2017. “Anglican Church Architecture and Religious Identity in Early Colonial South Carolina.” Material Culture; University Center. “Saved from the Flames.” 2001. Harvard Magazine. May 1. https://harvardmagazine.com/2001/05/saved-from-the-flames.html. Schmidheiny, Martin John. 2014. “Seeing Red: Characterizing Historic Bricks at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York 1652-1735.” M.A., United States -- Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Boston. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1650693349/abstract/90CE7DD69A234405PQ/1. Archaeological Find Object Name Red brick fragment Inventory Description Red brick fragment Peabody Number 2016.29.1718 Intrasite Unprovenienced Wall Fall Depth N/A Class 1 Architectural Class 2 Ceramic Class 3 Brick Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 14.7 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 10.2 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 6.7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red brick fragment brick clay https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f4cf646a3de8517c8c3a122926048b3c.jpg 23c284fb7a0dfaa900452de1089b1a8b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pipe Stem and Bowl Fragments Subject The topic of the resource I found a piece of 17th century ceramic pipe stem along with part of a pipe bowl. Both the stem and the bowl have designs on them. The small part of the stem that we found is about two to three inches long. Half of the pipe stem is smooth with no design and the other half has a few ripples that make it textured. The pipe bowl has what looks like the initials P.E. on the flat part of the bowl. I believe that our pipe fragments are from the 17th century because “the holes in the pipe stems become smaller and smaller through the 17th and on into the second half of the 18th century (Hume 1969: 297). The hole of this pipe stem is relatively wide (look up the actual size on the excel sheet); approximately seven to nine 64th of an inch in diameter. Based on the chart in Hume, the date the pipe was made, then, was between 1620-1650 (Hume 1969:298). https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/90f5f7cc194c7df00b70588ef25c852c.pdf 80bfd6825d12ee5e4531cb07201db1fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Account of Andrew Croswell Subject The topic of the resource This is an account book of a Harvard student named Andrew Croswell. He kept account of the things he purchased while he was at Harvard. Tobacco is on his list of things he purchases along with toothbrushes, fruit, pencils, and wine. This shows that tobacco was viewed as a necessity almost to some college students- if they were willing to spend their limited amount of money on it. Now, marijuana is considered a necessity to college students as well. This also verifies that students did smoke tobacco and drink wine while they attended Harvard, even though it was against school rules. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Croswell, Andrew , 1778-1858, “Account book of Andrew Croswell, 1794-1802,” Colonial North American Project at Harvard, accessed April 30, 2017, http://colonialnorthamerican.library.harvard.edu/items/show/12076. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/dc76589cc649f42d2ee0878a46521a6b.pdf 45567d66d66980211ae57fc131c3cd2e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Medical Journal Records Subject The topic of the resource This is a medical journal from 1791-1815. An entry from 1796 documents how tobacco smoke was believed to treat a person who died from drowning by “blowing smoke in the victim’s lungs.” This is just one example of how tobacco was believed by some to serve a medical purpose. It seems now that marijuana has headed down the same road. Before marijuana was legalized in some states, it was illegal with the exception of medical purposes. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Appleton, Moses , 1773-1849 and Appleton, Moses , 1773-1849, “Commonplace book of Moses Appleton, 1791-1815 (inclusive),” Colonial North American Project at Harvard, accessed April 30, 2017, http://colonialnorthamerican.library.harvard.edu/items/show/12123. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b527c5c576b5321ff52d2194325d05a7.pdf 7583a2ea0e9087b7a2fe9fe3cf55aefe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Poem about a "College Chamber" Subject The topic of the resource This source is a poem that describes a “college chamber” or dorm room at Harvard in 1744. It was written by two men- one named Thomas Handcock and the other is Richard Waterman. They wrote this poem when visiting a friend at Harvard. The poem describes the contents of the room including “pipes and tobacco” among other items like pens, paper, a broom, clothes, etc. This shows how students smoked tobacco even against school rules- similar to how students now smoke marijuana. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Handcock, Thomas., “Description of a College Chamber (manuscript copy), ca. 1744,” Colonial North American Project at Harvard, accessed April 30, 2017, http://colonialnorthamerican.library.harvard.edu/items/show/9203. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name 17th Century Pipe Stem and Bowl Fragment Inventory Description A fragment of a pipe stem (8/64" bore diameter) and part of a bowl with the initials PD on the flat bottom of the bowl (7/64" bore diameter). Culture/Period 17th century Intrasite Unit H944 Depth Level 2 Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Pipe Class 3 Stem Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object The stem is around 4cm and the bowl is closer to 3 cm. Width (cm) Dimension of Object The width is about 1 cm for the stem and 2 cm for the bowl. Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object The thickness is about 1 cm as well. Peabody Number 2016.29.303 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 17th Century Pipe Stem and Bowl Fragment Subject The topic of the resource Current students at Harvard break the rules and based on our archaeological finds of pipe stems and glass bottle fragments, we can confirm that they have been breaking the rules since colonial times as well. Smoking was a common habit at Harvard all through the Colonial period and after, as demonstrated by the large number of pipe stems found in excavations of Harvard Yard. This pipe stem is one of many that are found in excavations of Harvard Yard. Based on the chart in Hume, the date the pipe was made, then, was between 1620-1650 (Hume 1969:298). The rule against smoking tobacco was instituted when the college was and carried well into the early 19th century. There are constant instances of how history repeats itself, but it appears through our discovery of this pipe stem and through records in the archives that tobacco usage in colonial times has striking similarities to marijuana smoking in contemporary times. Some of these similarities are that students hid tobacco in their rooms like students do with marijuana now, they smoke it even if it is against school policy, and both were used for medical reasons. In the rules of the college, tobacco was banned at all times except if it was used medically (Loren, 2016). Another similarity is that tobacco slowly got legalized nationally- which might be the trend of marijuana if it continues with its synchronization with tobacco. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Works Cited: Hume, Ivor Noel. 1970. “A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America”. the University of Michigan: Alfred A. Knopf. Loren, D. D. (2016). Bodily protection: Dress, health, and anxiety in colonial New England. In The Archaeology of Anxiety (pp. 141-156). Springer New York. 17 pipe smoking https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a590c4683b911a34cd3b2479cb808947.jpg 76dd19073d0394e959ee4df4c085fee9 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/997468fcad6a5fefecca444d177f78fa.png 9d5815d75376545bae75dc61d2c7a075 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This view is just three years after the print shop moved to University Hall (right). Here is the elm-sheltered path the type travelled across—including the location of H939! Source: Harvard University Archives HUV 20 7-8a. Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/via/olvwork423535/catalog https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/df42c1060a0ed4754325cb302f74eaa4.jpg a3c1de4ab7110a13fea5467c4ea844fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This wood-engraving is what the early Harvard printing presses might have looked like, busy printing written exams, pamphlets, and other educational materials. Source: Amory, Hugh. 1989. First impressions : printing in Cambridge, 1639-1989 : an exhibition at the Houghton Library and at the Harvard Law School Library, October 6 through October 27, 1989. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Harvard University Archives Call Number: HUF523.589.1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name 19th Century Metal Print Type Inventory Description No letter visible on end, one notch in side, moderately oxidized. Peabody Number 2016.29.126 Culture/Period 19th Century Intrasite H939 Level 2 Depth 53-71cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Miscellaneous Class 3 Type Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.5 Width (cm) Dimension of Object .4 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Printing at 19th Century Harvard: A Vignette Subject The topic of the resource 16 October 1889 George stumbled, and caught himself—and his freight. President Eliot had consolidated printing in the basement of the University Hall (Hall 10). A new print shop needed a press, and a press needed type. The type had to be moved from its previous location. So—here was George, stumbling between the elms on his way from Wadsworth to University Hall, two hundred yards northeast (Hall 9). Box after box of type had to be transported carefully—the small lead type could escape the loose joinery of the wooden box. The job fell to George—and three co-conspirators—thanks to some inadmissible revelry at the Dartmouth game the weekend prior (1889). Normally, President Eliot would have let the delinquency slide—he encouraged the boys’ “llllllliberty,” rolling the “l” in Brahmin accent—but they timed their stunt to be of perfect help to the University (Kuehnemann). George minded, however, his afternoon being stripped from him. He was going to smoke with his roommate, and now that looked unlikely. His written Greek examination was tomorrow, too—though only a passing thought. He’d already seen it, anyway, thanks to the service of the college printer (Schoenberg). He was prepared. It was this thought, though, that caused the trip, stagger, and balancing of the type. Catching himself, he turned to check for fallen pieces. But then, they were holding the door ahead, and George really just wanted to regain his rightful “lllllllliberty.” He turned back and strode towards the grey façade of University Hall. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliography Hall, Max. 1986 Harvard University Press: A History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. “1889 Harvard Football Schedule” Webpage, http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fball/1889-90/Schedule, accessed May 3rd, 2017. Schoenberg, Robert. 1954 University Press Maintains 40-Year Standards Despite Confusion With Poster, Exam Printers. The Harvard Crimson, February 3rd, 1954. Accessed online: May 3rd, 2017, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1954/2/3/university-press-maintains-40-year-standards-despite/. Kuehnemann, Eugen. 2013 Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University (May 19, 1869-May 19, 1909). Read Books Ltd. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Colin Criss https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4c2363ef28af2e6b132c4dd217c0f421.jpg f75dc4a0616b22ff486cc4fa8b2b71a3 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/80f4489a76b4d5be79d96e96ebf51ab9.jpg 47a8a0dd77f4c392ff86f001133164b4 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e4dc7bff970ee3739c72ac11d8e1dc89.jpg 1b847ecaad7534cca51d2120d58ea18d https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/063794e6896889346027294b293f0ae7.png 1c98d42257ce195d1e96e67012caa5c9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diary Reflection Description An account of the resource Harvard student diary entry from 1800, recounting a drunken night at Blood’s Tavern where he hadn’t ever seen so many drunk, jovial scholars in one location. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://colonialnorthamerican.library.harvard.edu/items/show/7632 (seq./page 46) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Harvard University Library. 2016b. “III. Diary, 1799.” Colonial North American Project at Harvard website. Accessed October 16, 2016. http://colonialnorthamerican.library.harvard.edu/items/show/7632. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/dde90da4656da92ca8ed08bb5b16ec46.png 3bda4e883c09c4413a90e8c6be65b97d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Harvard Yard 1799 Description An account of the resource The orange circle indicates the location of dig site H941 where the bottom of the partial wine bottle was excavated, along with other glass, nails, and whiteware from that period. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/13486/files/folder/Readings?preview=2722853 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stubbs, John D., Jr. “Underground Harvard: The archaeology of college life.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 1992. Accessed October 15, 2016. https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/13486/files/folder/Readings?preview=2722853. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name Dark Green Wine Bottle Inventory Description Whole bottom of a dark green wine bottle Intrasite H941 Level 1 Depth 28-42 Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass, partial bottom Class 3 Dark Green Peabody Number 2016.29.1111 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dark Green Wine Bottle Bottom Subject The topic of the resource Although Harvard was founded with the initial goal of educating strict Puritan ministers, who would have expected an excavated wine bottle glass bottom to reveal a secular college with escapades of secret drunkenness among the Harvard scholars in later years? This glass bottle bottom dates to a period approximating 1800, based on the narrower bottle diameter, as compared to earlier years, plus the tall kickup inside the bottle bottom (Hume 1969, 68). Moreover, it likely originated from England (Hume 1969, 68). Substantial bottle glass was excavated near this item, plus other items corroborating this time period, such as cut nails, whiteware, and transfer paint. President Leverett’s tenure at Harvard during the early 1700s brought a more liberal attitude towards religion, and therefore alcohol (Morison 1986, 54). By the late 1700s, wine was sold by the Harvard Buttery, but the Book of Laws specifically prohibited the scholars from visiting taverns, and especially drunkenness (Harvard 2016a, 59). However, the Harvard scholars managed secret antics, such as the story of one student whose group of 40 visited the local tavern to get drunk, break glasses and return to their chambers in an uproar (Harvard 2016b, 46). Thus, when excavating pieces of glass, it may be a sign of a rambunctious night from years ago! Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Christian Shigley Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University Library. 2016a. “The Laws of Harvard College, 1798-1799.” Colonial North American Project at Harvard website. Accessed October 15, 2016. http://colonialnorthamerican.library.harvard.edu/items/show/7786. Harvard University Library. 2016b. “III. Diary, 1799.” Colonial North American Project at Harvard website. Accessed October 16, 2016. http://colonialnorthamerican.library.harvard.edu/items/show/7632. Hume, Ivor N. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969. Morison, Samuel E. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986. 18 bottle glass wine bottle https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/386d85890c00d8cd5aed2629373e6849.JPG e8616e34d3d245eac9fe171b514fefca Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tin-Glazed Sherds Description An account of the resource The geometric motifs on these sherds are clearly visible in this photograph. The left one contains broader, larger geometric shapes, whereas the one on the right is more intricate. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photograph by Charlie Michael. May 1st 2017. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e434d08b037121c590b3349f6b51baf9.jpg 31913a792fb36030040ee61e0a366d18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Example of another tin-glazed earthenware sherd with geometric motif. Description An account of the resource This sherd from the 17th century shows another example of a geometric motif. One can notice the coarse brushwork and lack of attention to detail that was common among these ceramics. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab. 2002. "Colonial Ceramics - Tin Glazed". Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab Website. Accessed May 1, 2017. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/ColonialCeramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/Tin-glazed.htm https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/9d75fafa512398f8e3ecf26acd9c6498.jpg dd27a19b22f5c34b2ff208416e4ba62a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Colonial Kitchen Subject The topic of the resource The kitchen in the Harvard College buttery would have looked much like this Colonial Williamsburg reconstruction, and the food would have been similar but more basic. Tin-glazed earthenware plates would have been used to consume food cooked in kitchens like this one. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. 2016. "Kitchens" Colonial Williamsburg Website. Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Summer07/kitchens.cfm https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/7ccde9d1804fe2a5ff54ae2646c6d016.jpeg ce6013ff58f5105a6cd2a875a07b5992 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tin-Glazed Earthenware (of the Delftware variety) on display at the Ward House sitting room. Subject The topic of the resource Tin-glazed earthenware comes in many varieties and levels of quality. The earthenwares pictured here were high-quality earthenwares with intricate glazing, and were used for display purposes, unlike the ones found in Unit H932 of the Harvard Yard excavation. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://wardhouse.harvard.edu/galleries/sitting-room The Harvard Ward House Museum. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name Tin Glazed Earthenware Sherds Inventory Description Two tin-glazed earthenware sherds, likely part of plates. Both are earthenware of medium refinement. Peabody Number 2016.29.84 Intrasite H932 Level 2 Depth 67-96 Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Sherd Class 3 Earthenware Quantity 2 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.1cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 4.2cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.5cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tin Glazed Earthenware Sherds Subject The topic of the resource Tin Glazed Earthenware Sherds Description An account of the resource Joseph Browne, Harvard Class of 1666 These fragments are from two plates that I broke in 1664 during my sophomore year at the College. My friends and I may have had too much rum, and our rowdiness got rather out of hand. We thought it would be enjoyable to have a competition of bowling on our dormitory, but since we had no bowling balls we decided to use our plates instead. We used thin books as the pins, and rolled our plates towards them. I must have rolled mine rather hard, as it went flying down the floor, hitting the wall with a large crash. Pieces scattered all around, and I was saddened to see my favorite plate suffer such a horrid end. You see, my father had bought me this plate in Boston before my first year of College. Every student brings their own plate to the College to consume their meals with, and I had formed quite an attachment with mine. I was a large fan of the geometric blue design, as it was very popular during that time. It was a cheap English-manufactured plate, and my father had told me to be gentle with it as it was liable to shatter easily. I didn’t mind its cheapness or its fragility, as at the time I believed it looked just like a piece of fine China. But now, seeing its ruined and shattered pieces, I can finally see that it is far from being Chinese porcelain — it’s merely coarse clay glazed in white and fired. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Morison, Samuel E. 1936. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab. 2002. "Colonial Ceramics - Tin Glazed". Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab Website. Accessed May 1, 2017. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/ColonialCeramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/Tin-glazed.html The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. 2016. "Kitchens" Colonial Williamsburg Website. Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Summer07/kitchens.cfm Hume, Ivor Noel. 1970. “A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America”. the University of Michigan: Alfred A. Knopf. Sears, Lorenzo. 1912. John Hancock: The Picturesque Patriot. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. Unger, Harlow Giles. 2000. John Hancock: Merchant King and American Patriot. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 17 18 ceramic https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4dbe47ebc9d69e79aa46d265bc53d7da.jpg 465c87864883390476513f5d5268743e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource These broken shards come from the stem and base of an 19th century dark green wine bottle. We were able to date it by estimating the circumference of the base. Students at the college would have stored and drank this wine despite specific rules against doing so set by the University. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/318891a225240142f8f9a1ad1db98783.jpg 02252385f939bd2900e083ab76a24c73 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://woodsrunnersdiary.blogspot.com/2014/08/18th-century-bottles-and-cork-stoppers.html. Title A name given to the resource Sketch of the development of wine bottle shapes and sizes over time. Our particular artifacts came from an early 19th century bottle. The shape and color of the bottle would have prevented souring of the wine and more compact storage. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4ce26c526f5a69f2e2f0768a1b3f5fa7.jpg 62fdb11f9754fb0e1e383f8dd84de1e5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://greatwinenews.com/an-18th-century-cult-wines-revival/ Title A name given to the resource This painting depicts early American drinking culture. Even though those pictured aren't Harvard students, we can imagine that they would have been similarly pleased to be imbibing some forbidden wine during off time from their studies. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/bcc4778fbf7901d96804ff7a7f6c85c5.jpg a59fbaf13c0cb8777ab6bd9f6a263ada Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource An example of an fully in-tact early 19th century wine bottle with a long neck and body, made of dark green glass. Students of the time would have stored their wine in these bottles. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/443877.html Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name Green Wine Bottle Neck & Base Fragments Inventory Description Green Wine Bottle Neck & Base Fragments Peabody Number 2016.29.751 Culture/Period Early 18th Century Intrasite H934 Level 2 Depth 56 cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Base, Neck Quantity 4 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4.8 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 4.3 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.4 Notes Green Bottle Glass Base & Neck Fragments Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Green Wine Bottle Neck & Base Fragments Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michael F. Hissey Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Works Cited: "An 18th Century Cult Wine's Revival." Great Wine News. Accessed May 02, 2017. http://greatwinenews.com/an-18th-century-cult-wines-revival/. Burgess, Keith H. "A Woodsrunner's Diary." 18th Century Bottles and Cork Stoppers. Accessed May 02, 2017. http://woodsrunnersdiary.blogspot.com/2014/08/18th-century-bottles-and-cork-stoppers.html. Hume, Ivor Noël. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. "Wine Bottle." Museum of London | free museums in London | things to do in London. Accessed May 02, 2017. http://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/443877.html. Subject The topic of the resource 5th December, 1824 Ezekiel has recently procured some wine for the feast tonight. We have to make sure to dispose of the bottles discretely once we have finished, as we want neither the masters nor the tutors to discover that we have been clandestinely imbibing alcohol. Perhaps we ought to bury it in the yard. This will be our last celebration together before we each make the journey home for Christmastime. In my forefathers’ time I would have solely trained to have been a minister, and might have even presided over mass during these winter months – but I have other ideas for myself once I complete my education. I seek a life of adventure, passion and meaning; this is due, no doubt, to the influence that the new school of thought, transcendentalism, has had over me. I do not feel it to be intrinsically evil to seek out the pleasure that God has made possible for men to feel; I believe there is good in all natural things, including the drinking of wine. So long as Jesus himself drank it, it is good enough for me. I feel my spirit is stifled by the institution that I am a part of; its piety and stringency poison my soul and run contrary to what I know in my heart to be true; that the way to know God and to be good is to not deny the beauty of nature and the wonders of his creation, but to embrace them. John Edward Willis 19 bottle glass wine bottle https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/1e6d7255c01e3eba94c728466b01b72a.jpg 6eea410840b856a48d9e154c087e821f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This green 18th century pharmaceutical glass is smooth to the touch and has two separate pieces--one being a part of the short neck and the other making up the body of the bottle. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/bb5812ebc56fbd1d05387fe6d896ad55.png 9be85aea612b81c4b4e0556d0fc6e1c4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Medical "recipes" that Dr. Lynman Spalding concocted for those who fell ill with differing illnesses at Harvard Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:53118936$19i https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/06444874f86fe894ea83847b95faa612.png 638fdcd474f6c1c32aec2d75345902a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ledger of the individuals who were affected by small pox in the Boston area in 18th century Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:53371711$4i Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017 Assignment 3 Archaeological Find Object Name Green Pharmaceutical Bottle Neck Fragment Peabody Number 2016.29.947 Culture/Period Late 18th Century Intrasite H929 Level 1 Depth 40-50 cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Green Bottle Glass Quantity 2 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 8.3 cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 5.4 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .8 cm Inventory Description Two fragments of green, medium-thickness 18th century pharmaceutical glass. The pieces fit together and are smooth to the touch. One piece is part of the short neck and the other is part of the body of the glass. The glass also appears to be uneven, giving clues that it was handblown. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Green Pharmaceutical Bottle Neck Fragment Subject The topic of the resource James Hubbard, an upper class student at Harvard, was alleviated from the pains from being poor, but still faced the struggles of contracting diseases like every other member of society. In the late 1700s, Hubbard was diagnosed with smallpox. He found himself carrying a green, tubular pharmaceutical bottle that held ailments that would apparently make him feel better. The free-blown pharmaceutical phial that Hubbard held was similar to many that were made in the 18th century, with a short neck, sloping and narrow shoulder, and a shallow kick-up base. Luckily, Hubbard did not have to travel far to gather his medication from a lecturer at the Harvard Medical School, Dr. Lynman Spalding. The founder of the first pharmacopeia and a major contributor to the smallpox vaccine, Spalding was the most qualified doctor of Cambridge at the time. Therefore, Hubbard had to trust that Spalding’s concoction of elixir vitriol, Jamaica pepper, cinnamon, and ginger placed inside his green-glassed bottle was going to make him feel better. Most of the medical treatments used for Harvard students, and for the colonies over all, was done by trial and error and included many absurd treatments like extreme bleeding, purging, and even leeching. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived A brief history of pharmacy: humanity's search for wellness. (2016). Choice Reviews Online, 53(11). doi:10.5860/choice.196974 Davies, P., Crook, P., & Murray, T. (2013). An archaeology of institutional confinement: the Hyde Park Barracks, 1848-1886. The University Of Sydney, N.S.W.: Sydney University Press. Gibson, J., & Evans, J. (1985). Some Eighteenth-Century Pharmaceutical Vessels from London. Post-Medieval Archaeology, 19(1), 151-155. doi:10.1179/pma.1985.007 Pharmaceutical Glass in Post-Medieval London: a Proposed ... (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2017, from https://www.bing.com/cr?IG=47EC3DB93DB94FF4ADA56A77A93F6137&CID=12E6E583424962000047EFF543D96312&rd=1&h=OfYl7_N_t5hCaDrgfcfID_Lo6Hvz3MA4NLfOxEYTcp0&v=1&r=https%3a%2f%2fwww.researchgate.net%2fpublication%2f265852181_Pharmaceutical_Glass_in_Post-Medieval_London_a_Proposed_Typology&p=DevEx,5062.1 https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:53118936$19i https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:53371711$4i 18 bottle glass