55 20 1145 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/96edc7114fff6569815e449cb2ee6d63.jpeg 8401c3378bf206e1bfb951f8c8007a2d Archaeological Find Object Name Olive green bottle glass Inventory Description Fragments of olive green bottle glass Peabody Number 2021.6.12 Intrasite H974, Level 1 Depth 18-28cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle glass Class 3 Olive green bottle glass Quantity 6 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.2 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.6 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Olive green bottle glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c1464453d4071e02eb8b96b892676d5c.jpeg da947412c81a73540ff70c6f193d5c6b Archaeological Find Object Name Brown bottle glass Inventory Description 1 fragment of brown bottle glass Peabody Number 2021.6.13 Intrasite H974, Level 1 Depth 18-28cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle glass Class 3 Brown bottle glass Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 1.7 Width (cm) Dimension of Object .9 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brown bottle glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/810b015a785b73c92281b57b991a7055.jpeg 777c9ecd4bdbb1971e79b36a2b9d4014 Archaeological Find Object Name Green bottle glass Inventory Description 2 fragments of green bottle glass Peabody Number 2021.6.14 Intrasite H974, Level 1 Depth 18-28cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle glass Class 3 Green bottle glass Quantity 2 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.4 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.5 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Green bottle glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e301f70b08b1a09d274744a7d65b558c.jpeg 25d831134af1b33ae31c0d0ba38efa13 Archaeological Find Object Name Green flat glass Inventory Description 1 fragment of frosted green flat glass Peabody Number 2021.6.10 Intrasite H974, Level 1 Depth 18-28cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Flat glass Class 3 Green flat glass Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 1.5 Width (cm) Dimension of Object .8 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Green flat glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/9ff1cd58f366d7ac3b3aba4e881d307f.png ab78c64e310f29f7919d735d0f992cd7 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/b5c81af1880ae840d2ee7fa9753d0dcc.png 8567c8f56982ea49fa082be09d185698 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/329c16d81bed4066c3ac49a5c49b3d3e.jpg 3174ab9499a677e2401f257eb3d290b1 Archaeological Find Object Name Amber Bottle Glass Fragment Inventory Description Thin, slightly curved, textured amber glass fragment. Peabody Number 2021.6.9 Intrasite H968, Level 7 Depth 60 cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Amber Bottle Glass Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.1 cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.6 cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.1 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Amber Bottle Glass Fragment Description An account of the resource Just as how colds and coughs rampage through college campuses today, 17th century students of the newly founded Harvard College also fell subject to ailments throughout their time at school. Because pharmacists and apothecaries were somewhat rare in the colonies at the time, it was not unusual for churchmen, governors, and housewives to dispense their own drugs in small amber glass bottles. Ranging in shape and size, the amber glass bottles were most likely filled with herbal remedies, similar to the ones found in physician Samuel Stearns medical notebook, or maybe it was filled with the ingredients to make home remedies, including peppermint, chamomile, cream of tartar, and camphor. If a student is struggling with fever, they can drink a concoction called “American Poison” or flip through the apothecary book and find a remedy for stiff joints or any other pain they may be suffering from. The amber glass made during this time is described as “old” amber, often appearing as a medium yellowish amber with an olive tint. The olive tinted amber glass, which became very uncommon around the late 1800’s, helps to set the upper range of possible dates of the bottle. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Anon. Bottle Colors Page. Available at: https://sha.org/bottle/colors.htm#Amber [Accessed February 25, 2022]. ^ amber glass information Anon. Who Were The Apothecaries? Harvard Center for the History of Medicine. Available at: https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/exhibits/show/apothecary-jars/sequence. Hume, Ivor Noel. 1969. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Stearns, Samuel, 1747-1809. Medical notebook of Samuel Stearns, circa 1773. H MS b1.1, Countway Library of Medicine. https://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HMS.COUNT:32523247 ^ image of American Poison Willard, Samuel, 1766-1820. Account of medicines delivered to Jonathan Fuller by Samuel Willard, 1795-1799. B MS Misc., Countway Library of Medicine. https://colonialnorthamerica.library.harvard.edu/spotlight/cna/catalog/990146278070203941 ^ image of medicine orders and ingredients https://anth1130.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/items/show/1783 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ca99afb3797e957d718321028d3c6897.png d3b507983638af344232e45f3dae3436 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red clay pipe bowl from H968. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e949d234d9004071af329973f068114e.png 63b3bcfe175b05b6c9a26e0ff6c94fe3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A red clay pipe from the Nomini plantation. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e35bbd3779268ada52b596d6b2c0cb25.png 507d5c8bc5419aad630726a35bc3a153 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A red clay pipe from the Nomini plantation, https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/df8e3cfdac624856f92a0c21bf3c8eb5.jpg ae16f1974a8981bb1797e6c17503944d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A series of red clay pipe bowls from the Chesapeake region of Virginia. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/03bcdbf05c4523c224c9c83f061ec5e8.jpeg e2ab47a4b8362613bf57e7cc68d3e920 Archaeological Find Object Name Red Clay Pipe Bowl Inventory Description Friday, November 5, 2021, started like any other day. I arrived at the Harvard Yard site, Clover Coffee in hand, ready to dig. “God,” I said, like I say each day, indiscriminately, “where is my red clay pipe stem?” “You have a red clay pipe stem?!” Trish asked with excitement. “No, no, just hoping to find one.” I had prayed and hoped and wished for a pipe stem after the units near me started finding them, and lo and behold, they started coming out of the ground at H968. But then I learned that out there existed red clay pipe stems: like white clay pipe stems, but cooler and also they’re red. To find a red clay pipe stem would be exquisite. And then, like God appearing to Jacob in a dream, an inch-ish long piece of ceramic appeared in the screen. At first, I assumed because it was red and ceramic that it was probably a brick fragment — but the archaeology gods had different plans for me. Alas, there it was: not just a red clay pipe STEM, but a red clay pipe BOWL, with markings, too. In the excitement of the moment, I lost track of time and missed the bus I was supposed to take that afternoon to Cape Cod. As I sat in South Station waiting for the next bus, I started to investigate the origins of find. Did it come from Cambridge? From the Chesapeake region? From the kingdom of Heaven itself? On first glance, it seems likely that the pipe came from a local craftsman. Petrographic analysis shows that red clay pipes found in New England are often indeed made in New England (Capone and Downs). But, I was struck by the zig-zag rouletting around the face of the bowl. After some research on Chesapeake area red clay pipes, I’d like to venture a very specific origin: the Nomini Plantation in Westmoreland County, Virginia. In looking at and reading about red clay pipes from the Chesapeake region, I saw striking similarities in artifacts from the Nomini plantation. From Lukenbach and Kiser: “Banded bowls have a rouletted band around the center of the bowl — in some cases simply two parallel lines, in others the two parallel lines enclose a wider band of diagonal rouletting.” Above, see two examples from the Nomini Plantation next to my pipe bowl. Similar, no? Nomini pipes are also characterized by their unusually thin bodies, which mine has too. Its thickness, from the bottom of the curve to where the bowl breaks off, is only 0.6 cm. The thickness of the clay could not be more than 0.3 cm. Furthermore, red clay pipes by Algonquin craftsmen from the Chesapeake region have similar markings to those found at the Nomini Plantation and in my unit. See: https://chipstone.org/images.php/294/Ceramics-in-America-2006/Seventeenth-Century-Tobacco-Pipe-Manufacturing-in-the-Chesapeake-Region:-A-Preliminary-Delineation-of-Makers-and-Their-Styles , https://explore.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/show/layersofthepast/multiplenarratives/locally_made_pipes “Al Luckenbach and Taft Kiser Seventeenth-Century Tobacco Pipe Manufacturing in the Chesapeake Region: A Preliminary Delineation of Makers and Their Styles.” Chipstone, https://chipstone.org/images.php/294/Ceramics-in-America-2006/Seventeenth-Century-Tobacco-Pipe-Manufacturing-in-the-Chesapeake-Region:-A-Preliminary-Delineation-of-Makers-and-Their-Styles. Source shows different Chesapeake area colonial red clay pipes. Capone, Patricia & Elinor Downes. 2004. “Red Clay Tobacco Pipes: Petrographic Window into Seventeenth Century Economics at Jamestown, Virginia and New England.” In S. Lafferty & R. Mann (Eds). Smoking and Culture: The Archaeology of Tobacco Pipes in Eastern North America. “ Univ. of Tennessee Press. Source uses petrographic analysis to derive the origins of red clay pipes throughout the east coast. Jones, Brian. “Hollister Site Artifacts.” Office of State Archaeology, 28 Dec. 2017, https://osa.uconn.edu/home/recent/hollister/hollister-site-artifacts/#. Source shows a number of artifacts found in Wethersfield, CT. “University of Virginia Library Online Exhibits: Layers of the Past: Discoveries at Flowerdew Hundred.” Omeka RSS, https://explore.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/show/layersofthepast/multiplenarratives/locally_made_pipes. Source shows images of red clay pipes from Virginia. Peabody Number 2021.6.7 Intrasite H968, Level 7 Depth 60 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Pipe bowl Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.8 cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.5 cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .6 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red Clay Pipe Bowl https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/8b8c646bf80b93de9aa9df12ef0a263f.jpeg b4f2a701bb7afd94e2209d5d57776035 Archaeological Find Object Name Window glass Inventory Description Small fragments of window glass Peabody Number 2021.6.6 Intrasite H974, Level 1 Depth 18-28cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Flat glass Class 3 Window glass Quantity 15 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.2 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Window Glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d86e61e5291c25d570c0c24556b1e85b.jpg 3c342353bd3d16f84d49d54d3441a022 Archaeological Find Object Name Domed Pewter Button with Shank Inventory Description Domed Pewter Button with Shank Peabody Number 2021.6.2 Intrasite H970 L3 Depth 17-27cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Personal Class 3 Button Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 1.4cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.4cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 1.4cm Culture/Period 1750-1830 Century 18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Domed Pewter Button with Shank https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/74eec7e30d4435fb5aa489d7a023660b.jpg 54a7997c83a1bbf9bed625743dac4446 Archaeological Find Object Name Unidentified Metal Inventory Description Triangular, rusted piece of metal that curves on one side. Has a piece of roof slate connected to one corner by rust. Object is approximately bisected by an extrusion in the metal. Peabody Number 2021.6.8 Intrasite H971 Level 5 Depth 27 cm - 48 cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Miscellaneous Class 3 Unidentified Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 22 cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 17 cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 5.5 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unidentified Metal Subject The topic of the resource Unidentified Metal https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d449eacb6978344923739d660eee1d65.jpg 85808f3b0823ca39ca47d40a6dfa64d5 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/26960117b860cd07ffa2858de59cc832.jpg 1989b7818638a32ba4a5e5e02cf6ba19 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource About page images https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/06b7279be3564e9162ab4ad1a29280dd.jpg b1e4ba1e8794066890cd5b47d62264f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old college conjectural drawing https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/2fea4948b30627e97b11d1ef24e5b384.png b1d4fc094395f03685f3c110474b6043 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource StratigraphyH962 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ffd07be0ea3362904347278819b21216.PNG ad6062f44f72fb26f5d4578569b95d25 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3D Aerial Yard https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/de63062dc37cfd69ff167afdffd10b49.PNG 49a5acb05b060e47e76dfcfaf74ad4cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3D aerial Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kyle Sanok; Annie Lynch https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/20a08c4c1170a0af6b2d1b5a0146ca8b.jpg f92568ef0b56f48797a0de201ad9368b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource stratigraphy H962 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d127c5dae1453b33aa12392dbff9cb98.jpg c260a5f37084280ae55a02d3554f58c3 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4844e14d66e78a3c1318193003f70b02.jpg 5856d27662f0d6bfe58b0f0341bb80c4 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/fcfd1885688f783c1ea312f3bc133ae7.png f2592878437d1b560c4b4ad3cb6bf458 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/5f955853135f2edc88ce643a7e10fbf1.png d2717c152475224cb46d8fc826db78c4 Archaeological Find Object Name Glass Vessel Inventory Description Glass Vessel Peabody Number 2018.24.506 Intrasite H963 Level 3 Depth 70 - 80 cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Aqua Bottle Glass Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.64 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 3.64 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 1.43 Notes It has a pontil mark. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Glass Vessel Fragment Subject The topic of the resource This glass fragment was from what seems to be the bottom of a medicine glass. This bottle from the shape, pontil mark, and depth of discovery seems to be from late 17th or early 18th century. It seems to be a medicine bottle due to the size, shape, and slight green hue. The bottle size does not seem to show that it was angular at the top. The size of the bottle indicates that it was not used as a glass but rather as a vessel to store something. This bottle does not seem like it would be ornate or have heavy branding of the vessel. This is why it seems as though the local doctor or pharmacist was using this bottle to sell or give medicine to their patients to keep and store their medicine. At the time, there was not much access to doctors so people would have to live with pain and ailments due to the isolated nature of the early colonial New Englanders which leads people to have to store medicines in these glass bottles to self-treat and diagnose. Health concerns affected people of all social and economic status which is why medicine bottles would be found for most homes. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Source 1: https://sha.org/bottle/medicinal.htm Over the years, medicine bottles changed shapes and colors depending on the branding to the pharmacist. Before the Pure Food and Drug Act, the branding and drug information available was up to the pharmacist. Source 2: http://colonialnorthamerica.library.harvard.edu/spotlight/cna/feature/medicine-in-colonial-north-america Doctors in early colonial North America were also businessmen. Selling these medicines and their bottles was very important due to how isolated people tended to be. Source 3: Noël Hume, Ivor. Historical Archaeology. 1st Ed.] ed. New York: Knopf : Distributed by Random House, 1969. Medicine bottles over time have changed in shape and form. In the early seventeenth century, medicine bottles were often made in England. As time went on, the bottles became more angular. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e5546fe5c430dcb15cc11335657257b8.png 5f7795897abc9d78babeab9a379618f1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A composite image of the front and back of the copper alloy shank button, with scale. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo taken and edited by the author with the help of Wade Campbell. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f212894979c3b5075cc6b2f2916ab754.jpg 8a4b00a7ca317bb66034e191797bc779 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Massachusetts Bay Colony legislature codified Puritanical attitudes toward adornment in the seventeenth century (Whitmore 1889, 123). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Whitmore, William Henry 1889 The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts: Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Boston, MA. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/73d21cd3aa4719c6ea91df216beae2f9.jpg 057cebab921ae9ed63096bfa38a9e62c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This advertisement by merchant Abigail Whitney reflects the increased commercialism of eighteenth century Boston, as well as the popularity of adornments and the amplified public roles of women (Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768 “Imported from London, By Abigail Whitney.” Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary, March 31. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/7a7651e5082a379c6a144b5093f77f1f.jpg 7dafdc0bffb30cbbffc50d617e56a2e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This famous portrait of John Hancock illustrates how buttons could be both practical and lavish (Copley 1765). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Copley, John Singleton 1765 John Hancock. Painting, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA. Archaeological Find Object Name Heavily corroded copper alloy shank button Inventory Description A heavily corroded curved copper alloy button with sharp protrusion indicating shank, probable sleeve button. Peabody Number 2018.24.522 Intrasite H965 Level 2 Depth 62-72cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Personal Class 3 Button Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.01 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.01 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.1 Notes Most likely eighteenth century and of English origin Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Copper alloy shank button Subject The topic of the resource We live in changing times. A little over a century ago, the Massachusetts legislature expressed their “utter detestation & dislike, that men or women of mean condition, should take upon them the garb of Gentlemen by wearing gold or silvar lace, or buttons, or points at their knees, or to walk in great boots” (Whitmore 1889, 123). Just this morning, however, I visited Abigail Whitney’s shop on Union Street, where I found “white Lace... Ribbons, twist & mettal Buttons... shirt Buttons, Horn and Ivory Combs… English Shoes and Clogs,” and countless other adornments (Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768)! The Puritans might have shunned Abigail’s commercial extravagance, but I certainly appreciate her low prices and wide selection of adornments. I first learned about Abigail’s shop when she advertised in the Massachusetts Gazette. I took the advertisement as a testament to her business prowess–– there are quite a few women merchants in Boston, but few have the means to advertise in such prominent publications (Keyes 2018). The copper alloy shank sleeve button that I purchased from Abigail is nothing fancy, but it will help me look the part of an aspiring gentleman. I dream of one day being mistaken for John Hancock, who like me rose from impoverishment to study at Harvard College. John Singleton Copley’s recent portrait of John Hancock in his home on Beacon Street features him in a gorgeous navy blue frock coat with over a dozen exquisite buttons (Copley 1765). Many Bostonians look to John Hancock as a commercial or political leader, but I see him as a fashion icon! Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Copley, John Singleton 1765 John Hancock. Painting, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA. Fairfax County Archaeological Research Team 2017 “Eighteenth Century Buttons.” C.A.R.T. Archaeology website, February 3. Accessed April 5, 2019. https://cartarchaeology.wordpress.com/2017/02/03/eighteenth-century-buttons/. Hinks, Stephen 1988 A Structural and Functional Analysis of Eighteenth Century Buttons. Thesis, College of William and Mary. Keyes, Carl Robert 2018 “March 31.” The Adverts 250 Project website, March 31. Accessed April 5, 2019. https://adverts250project.org/2018/03/31/march-31-3/. Loren, Diana 2016 “Bodily Protection: Dress, Health, and Anxiety in Colonial New England.” In The Archaeology of Anxiety: The Materiality of Anxiousness, Worry, and Fear. Jeffrey Fleisher and Neil Norman, eds. Pp. 141-156. New York: Springer. Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768 “Imported from London, By Abigail Whitney.” Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary, March 31. Whitmore, William Henry 1889 The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts: Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Boston, MA. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/879f1d62d30406c8fa79d2fea37dbfd5.jpg 7ac08c66f15e70904bf7d5545792345e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments (Peabody 2018.24.153). https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/67da4a7184c34be76f3a215582b49bbb.jpg 6d92fbd8fd2432813a57d58a7e4a8474 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Children and pregnant mothers were often included on trade cards to signal the family-wide appropriateness of sarsaparilla. Images of youth enhanced the perception of longevity offered by patent medicine. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ayer, James C. (Manufacturer). "Trade card for Ayer's Sarsaparilla, Dr. J.C. Ayer & Co., Lowell, Mass, undated." Historic New England, https://hne-rs.s3.amazonaws.com/filestore/1/4/0/1/7/3_5db1a444c8edce7/140173scr_7a98622f3fa9326.jpg. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4ddedf6a7943efab87a3270e09c19387.jpg 01e3c82262778cbfa704bf57c627589e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Medicinal advertisements employed half-truths: It is likely that many Hood’s Sarsaparilla users had also recovered (naturally) from their ailments. Causal studies would not appear until the advances of twentieth-century statistics. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hood, Charles I. (Manufacturer). "In the Light of its Record of Cures take Hood's Sarsaparilla, 1896." Philadelphia Museum of Art, http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/228791.html?mulR=287. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/43da88af4ee355a59467a9169536eef2.jpg 4fa7fc8b66c1fbebd4061221608a31be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Patent medicine advertising drew power from its ubiquity. Even in Olean, NY (a town of 4,000 in the 1890 census), Hood’s Sarsaparilla would have been available at a local pharmacy. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hood, Charles I. (Manufacturer). “The Olean Democrat., March 10, 1887, Page 5, Image 5.” New York State Historic Newspapers, http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn92061812/1887-03-10/ed-1/seq-5/image_681x463_from_1700,4075_to_4413,5920.jpg. Archaeological Find Object Name Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments Inventory Description Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments Peabody Number 2018.24.153 Intrasite H962 Level 1 Depth 50-59 cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Aqua Bottle Glass Quantity 4 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 7.5 cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 4.5 cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.6 cm Notes The largest fragment features the letters "LOW" (partial "W") and "MAS" on two lines. A distinct possibility is noted of the object matching sarsaparilla bottle fragments found during the 2016 excavations (Peabody 2016.29.61). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments Subject The topic of the resource These aqua bottle fragments offer a glimpse into late nineteenth century medicinal advertising. Among many lucrative patent medicines was sarsaparilla, marketed as a "blood purifier" offering relief from anemia, indigestion and skin diseases, among other afflictions (Estes 1988, 6). Producers without formal medical training employed "medical propaganda" to promote sarsaparilla in calendars, almanacs, coloring books and other paper advertisements; by the late nineteenth century, most medical journals advertised patent medicines and physicians frequently prescribed them (Dykstra 1955, 402). This bottle was likely manufactured by either C.I. Hood & Co. or the James C. Ayer Company, which were both headquartered in Lowell, Massachusetts. The rival producers held substantial commercial influence: By the 1890s, Ayer distributed over 16 million annual copies of its almanac in 21 languages; Hood’s annual advertisements during the same period numbered 25 million, making it the largest user of U.S. mail in Lowell (Estes 1988, 8; Griffin 2014). Sarsaparilla advertisements often included chemical formulas to convey authority; others selectively quoted biblical verses, most notably Leviticus 17:11— "the life of the flesh is in the blood" (Estes 1988, 8, 11). Manufacturers often trademarked sarsaparilla rather than patenting it, which would have required disclosure of the 18% alcohol solution generating disproportionate financial returns (Dykstra 1955, 403, 406). The fragment’s raised lettering—which had appeared in medicine bottles by the late eighteenth century—serves as one example of the medical texts that permeated nineteenth-century Bostonian life (Hume 2001, 75). Whether advertised in newspapers, calendars or in glass, it would not be until the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act that proprietary medicines were placed under strict federal oversight. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Dykstra, David L. "The Medical Profession and Patent and Proprietary Medicines during the Nineteenth Century." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 29 (1955): 401-419. Estes, J. Worth. "The Pharmacology of Nineteenth-Century Patent Medicines." Pharmacy in History 30, no. 1 (1988): 3-18. Griffin, Jessica. "Hood’s Sarsaparilla, Lowell, MA." Old Main Artifacts. https://oldmainartifacts.wordpress.com/2014/01/21/hoods-sarsaparilla-lowell-ma/. Hume, Ivor Noël. 2001. A Guide to the Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e77e40ad066df7bb963832f0c11f0067.jpg b2d9d03e635959e912555b5659d90db9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Window glass fragments excavated in Level 1 of unit H964. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/1045618a5994f9531eded221450a04e3.jpg 8e8304fd1644e2c7adeaf63dfd0f2386 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource These 1655 college laws showcase how Harvard’s Puritan beliefs manifested in stringent rules for student behavior. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. Corporation. 1655. “Laws and Statutes of Harvard, 1655-1890.” https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:50738105$21i. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/23adef1b8fcf83fd68f62f76b4134321.jpg aa4b8971eb1e63ff4210d99c1d52db12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource These seventeenth century diamond-paned windows discovered in eastern Massachusetts provide insight into how the glass fragments may have looked in their diamond-pane frame. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Law, Heather, Guido Pezzarossi, Stephen Mrozowski, and David Landon. 2008. “ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTENSIVE EXCAVATION Hassanamesit Woods Property The Sarah Boston Farmstead, Grafton, Massachusetts The Hassanamesit Woods Management Committee Submitted to: The Town of Grafton, MA The Nipmuc Nation.” Boston Cultural Resource Management Study No. 26. The Andrew Fiske Memorial Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. https://www.grafton-ma.gov/sites/graftonma/files/pages/2008_fiske_hassanamesit_woods_report14_1.pdf. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/5dbf4a6373e8dfa7f269d79243752a16.jpg ab146bbd21148a120389f31f5caf4a8f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This conjectural image of the Old College provides insight into how the diamond pane windows that these glass fragments were likely from may have appeared within the larger Old College building. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Shurtleff, Harold Robert. 1668. Collegium Harvardianum Cantabrigiae in Nova Anglia, A.D. MDCLXVIII [Map, 1935]. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e73774c70425b920e985b17b4fe39780.jpg 11daad28d7def0beb945af11f621b182 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This Harvard disciplinary file describes Tudor’s breaking of a tutor’s window after his speech lamenting the unfairness of a new recitation rule. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. 1768b. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences vs Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189983?n=1. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/50d53937144b03e00e9a2556cb75b37c.jpg 3e597950ab3580f1f00ae037ea3c1822 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This Harvard disciplinary file reveals the motivations for Tudor’s window-breaking: anger at a new regulation imposed by tutors. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. 1768a. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences against Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189986?n=1 Archaeological Find Object Name Window Glass Fragments Inventory Description Window Glass Fragments Peabody Number 2018.24.283 Intrasite H964 Level 1 Depth 47-58cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Flat glass Class 3 Window glass Quantity 58 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.3 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Window Glass Fragments Subject The topic of the resource Because it was found in the same stratigraphic layer as what we believe is the Old College’s foundation trench, this array of broken glass likely dates to the seventeenth century Old College building. The characteristics of the glass are difficult to discern due to the small pieces of the fragments; however, given that windows during the time of the Old College were usually diamond-shaped, its likely that the window’s original form was a diamond (Hume 1970, 233; Stubbs 1992, 436). These seventeenth century diamond-paned windows discovered in eastern Massachusetts provide insight into how the glass fragments may have looked in their diamond-pane frame (Law et al 2008, 59). Additionally, this conjectural map of Harvard Yard provides insight into how the diamond pane windows may have appeared within the larger Old College building (Shurtleff 1935). These glass fragments shed light on student rule-breaking during early Harvard. Steeped in the Puritan belief that humans were naturally depraved sinners and that the devil was constantly at work, Harvard’s administration sought to forbade disorderly conduct by students, banning “drunkenness, fighteing, sweareing, curseing, filthy, speakeing profanes, reveling, playing at cards and dice, or such like” in the Harvard College Laws of 1655 (Mather 1639, 1-18; Godbeer 1989, 50-95; Chauncey et al. 1655, 12). Yet, students would often break the windows of tutors to signal their displeasure with college rules; during the seventeenth century there were six different “student riots and window breaking sprees” (Stubbs 1992, 96). An account of a later window breaking incident from 1768 can provide insight into the reasons that students broke tutor’s windows. Angry at a new recitation rule imposed by tutors, one student, William Tudor, is listed in Harvard’s disciplinary files as making “a long speech putting forth the unreasonableness of the regulation.” (Wright 2017, 1-1ii; Harvard University-a 1768, 1). Tudor escalated his actions against a tutor to window breaking; a separate Harvard disciplinary files reads that after his speech he proceeded in the “breaking of W Willards windows” (Harvard University-b 1768, 1). Perhaps these glass fragments come from a similar incident! Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft ... Reprinted from the North American Review, Etc. 1869. Godbeer, Richard. 1989. “The Devil’s Dominion: Magic and Religion in Early New England.” Ph.D., United States -- Massachusetts: Brandeis University. http://search.proquest.com/docview/303735908/abstract/7FAC6283DD6C46A1PQ/1. Harvard University. 1768a. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences against Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189986?n=1. ———. 1768b. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences vs Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189983?n=1. Harvard University. Corporation. 1655. “Laws and Statutes of Harvard, 1655-1890.” https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:50738105$21i. Law, Heather, Guido Pezzarossi, Stephen Mrozowski, and David Landon. 2008. “ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTENSIVE EXCAVATION Hassanamesit Woods Property The Sarah Boston Farmstead, Grafton, Massachusetts The Hassanamesit Woods Management Committee Submitted to: The Town of Grafton, MA The Nipmuc Nation.” Boston Cultural Resource Management Study No. 26. The Andrew Fiske Memorial Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. https://www.grafton-ma.gov/sites/graftonma/files/pages/2008_fiske_hassanamesit_woods_report14_1.pdf. Mather, Cotton. 1991. “A Discourse on the Power and Malice of the Devils.” In Cotton Mather: Historical Writings. Library of American Puritan Writings ; v. 23. New York, N.Y.: AMS Press. Noël Hume, Ivor. 1970. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Knopf,. Peabody, Stephen. 2017. Pedagogues and Protesters:The Harvard College Student Diary of Stephen Peabody, 1767-1768. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press in association with Massachusetts Historical Society. Shurtleff, Harold Robert. 1668. Collegium Harvardianum Cantabrigiae in Nova Anglia, A.D. MDCLXVIII [Map, 1935]. Stubbs, John Delano. 1992. “Underground Harvard: The Archaeology of College Life.” 1992. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/2ad151d711eda852b82650fc42ad84fb.JPG 3a712aca45f32bacb5e21d104c2a8556 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of the Manganese-Mottled Sherd https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/42e8a65a8ec696d048859003883211c4.JPG 6221087b144d4a63e460fc408cd97439 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of the Manganese-Mottled Sherd https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/bab08c64718f46b93b87715e614422cd.jpg 86f3cdbcba2819d5147a9d4eb79d13a9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A 17th Century Tavern by David Teniers entitled "Smokers and Drinkers" (1660). Archaeological Find Object Name Manganese-Mottled Earthenware Sherd Inventory Description In a quiet town in the West Midlands of England in the late 1600s, a potter spins a wheel of clay. Amidst the bustling factory, he hones in on his trademark speciality, a manganese-mottled tankard. The finished product has a smooth rim, with dark purplish brown flecks and streaks of manganese (Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum 2008). Accompanied by a caramel brown lead glaze, this tankard’s elegance is found in its simplicity. These black mugs and tankards gained popularity beginning in the 17th century (Hume 2006). Many manganese-mottled tankards journeyed from the potter’s wheel in the West Midlands to colonial towns such as Charlestown. For these young colonies, taverns were centers of community life and it is likely that a manganese-mottled tankard would have found its way there. As songs played in the background, citizens could often be found socializing over tankards of beers and smoking pipes. The Three Cranes Tavern in Charlestown and the Goody Bradish Tavern right next to Harvard were familiar spots for many a Harvard man (Morrison 1936). The Puritan leaders of the time attempted to control drinking and smoking by outlawing them from the Harvard campus. In fact, both drinking and smoking were explicitly outlawed in the College Book of Laws (College Book 1636). When students wanted a drink, many would come to these taverns. Today, we have some records that depict what taverns in the 17th century were like. For example, Dutch painter David Teniers has manifested the frivolity and light-heartedness of taverns in his painting “Smokers and Drinkers” (Teniers 1660). These taverns were the precise antithesis of the stern and austere Harvard institution of the time. Manganese-mottled earthenware was eventually made in the colonies, and by the 18th century, it had become much more ubiquitous. Students at the College brought their own vessels to use, and their vessel of choice often corresponded with their socioeconomic status. Manganese-mottled earthenware speaks to both the traditional table at Harvard, which was defined by scheduled meal times and socioeconomic hierarchy, and it also speaks to the other, more licentious Harvard experience that took place in taverns. Today, it is likely that sherds of manganese-mottled earthenware are located below our feet in Harvard Yard. Perhaps some originated from the West Midlands and perhaps some traces back to the Three Cranes Tavern; however, it is clear that no matter the origin, this ceramic sheds light on life in the 17th and 18th centuries at Harvard. Peabody Number 2018.24.476 Intrasite H957 Level 3 Depth 70-80 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Earthenware Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.1 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 0.9 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manganese-Mottled Earthenware Sherd Subject The topic of the resource In a quiet town in the West Midlands of England in the late 1600s, a potter spins a wheel of clay. Amidst the bustling factory, he hones in on his trademark speciality, a manganese-mottled tankard. The finished product has a smooth rim, with dark purplish brown flecks and streaks of manganese (Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum 2008). Accompanied by a caramel brown lead glaze, this tankard’s elegance is found in its simplicity. These black mugs and tankards gained popularity beginning in the 17th century (Hume 2006). Many manganese-mottled tankards journeyed from the potter’s wheel in the West Midlands to colonial towns such as Charlestown. For these young colonies, taverns were centers of community life and it is likely that a manganese-mottled tankard would have found its way there. As songs played in the background, citizens could often be found socializing over tankards of beers and smoking pipes. The Three Cranes Tavern in Charlestown and the Goody Bradish Tavern right next to Harvard were familiar spots for many a Harvard man (Morrison 1936). The Puritan leaders of the time attempted to control drinking and smoking by outlawing them from the Harvard campus. In fact, both drinking and smoking were explicitly outlawed in the College Book of Laws (College Book 1636). When students wanted a drink, many would come to these taverns. Today, we have some records that depict what taverns in the 17th century were like. For example, Dutch painter David Teniers has manifested the frivolity and light-heartedness of taverns in his painting “Smokers and Drinkers” (Teniers 1660). These taverns were the precise antithesis of the stern and austere Harvard institution of the time. Manganese-mottled earthenware was eventually made in the colonies, and by the 18th century, it had become much more ubiquitous. Students at the College brought their own vessels to use, and their vessel of choice often corresponded with their socioeconomic status. Manganese-mottled earthenware speaks to both the traditional table at Harvard, which was defined by scheduled meal times and socioeconomic hierarchy, and it also speaks to the other, more licentious Harvard experience that took place in taverns. Today, it is likely that sherds of manganese-mottled earthenware are located below our feet in Harvard Yard. Perhaps some originated from the West Midlands and perhaps some traces back to the Three Cranes Tavern; however, it is clear that no matter the origin, this ceramic sheds light on life in the 17th and 18th centuries at Harvard. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “After David Teniers the Younger | Peasant Seated, Smoking and Drinking, to the Left of a Table | The Met.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum. Accessed April 4, 2019. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/376343. “Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland.” Accessed April 4, 2019. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/colonialceramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/ManganeseMottled.html. Harvard University. Corporation. College Book 1, 1636-1795. UAI 5.5, Accessed April 1st, 2019. Harvard University Archives. Hume, Ivor Noel. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania, 2001. Accessed April 1st, 2019. Print. Morison, Samuel Eliot. Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century. Accessed April 1st, 2019. Harvard university press, 1936.