3 20 1145 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/76f6b2b8d191eec89b4e4bc5f0893756.JPG 4e8177c017fa8b81d6a96188badc0705 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/10fe652ac24774522c5f4b5fb5e26a4c.jpg 92476510f8f77d952b8ca7073f9be193 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a32677b7cd962b2bdd089316ecc86eec.jpg 12c828570d87af3279eadb04c048904a Archaeological Find Object Name Shell Fragment Inventory Description Shell Fragment Peabody Number 2018.24.93 Intrasite H955 Level 1 Depth 51-61 cm Class 1 Organic Class 2 Shell Class 3 Fragment Quantity 5 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 1.9 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.6 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shell Fragment Subject The topic of the resource These shell fragments found in Harvard Yard tell us a little about the diet of colonial students at Harvard. Shellfish, like the oysters seen here, would have made up part of the cuisine of any student at Harvard. Cookbooks from the seventeenth century tell us how they may have been served: covered in flour and then fried. In addition, images from the eighteenth century tell us how much they would have cost: twelve pence a peck (approximately 15 pounds). Dining at Harvard would have been a community affair, and there were very strict rules for dining staff about what could be served and when. One such rule was, “not to have the same dish ordinarily above twice in one week.” Students, professors, and tutors could all be found dining together in the hall. It is very possible that one of the dishes they dined on was shellfish, probably locally sourced from the Atlantic Ocean. Knowing the date of these particular shells is difficult to determine, as they are organic materials without any style or build that might indicate their time period. They were found with pipe stems dating between 1720-1800, so it is possible they are also from that time, but certainly not definitively. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived To frye Mussels, Perywinckels, or Oysters, to serue with a Ducke, or single by themselves. BOyle these shell-Fishes: then flowre and frye them: then put them into a Pipkin, with a pinte of Claret Wine, Sinamon, Sugar, and Pepper. Take your Ducke boyled or roasted, and put them into two seuerall Pipkins, if one be boyled, and the other roasted and a little Sugar, large Mace, and fryed toasts, stuck around about it with Butter. http://www.staff.uni-giessen.de/gloning/tx/1615murr.htm This 1615 cookbook shows a common method of cooking shellfish. The Puritans would have had English cookbooks like this one in 17th century New England. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:14107855 The Harvard Steward Records show what dining at Harvard would have been like, including the rule “That there always be two dishes for dinner.” Shellfish may have comprised one of those dishes. http://id.lib.harvard.edu/via/olvwork732808/catalog This 1733 image shows a man selling Oysters, a common food in the period, and a common find in the Harvard Yard Excavation. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jamie 17 organic https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a170c6d449a2b0edf3684934689f0758.jpeg 222df67cb8632251959f2fea7b7464bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource These are cross mended fragments of a dining plate that was found in Level 1 of Unit H958 in Harvard Yard https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a13a3b226d756a3bf53f2abefc9640da.jpg d7d45aef4dc4877d5a0cb086e969a1cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Federal Reserve Feature 30 Description An account of the resource a. This pearlware plate, dated to c.1814, depicts an American scene with a continuous floral design on edge. The center illustration reflects the rising demand for American designs from the colonies, and the detail and symmetry exemplify the improvement made with transfer printing over other techniques. Also pictured in back is the Ridgway maker’s mark, a prominent Staffordshire pottery. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Printed%20Earthenwares/Central%20Designs/Thumbnail%20pages/British%20and%20American%20Central%20Designs.htm https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/17e9bc31d62992f9ed8541fd2e57d5e1.jpg 53c0d32356f9774ecd01ffa20b595608 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Federal Reserve Feature 30 Description An account of the resource a. This pearlware plate, dated to c.1814, depicts an American scene with a continuous floral design on edge. The center illustration reflects the rising demand for American designs from the colonies, and the detail and symmetry exemplify the improvement made with transfer printing over other techniques. Also pictured in back is the Ridgway maker’s mark, a prominent Staffordshire pottery. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Printed%20Earthenwares/Central%20Designs/Thumbnail%20pages/British%20and%20American%20Central%20Designs.htm https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/6ffc7a8e0e6db5024babf055ef4c32c2.jpg 9b07ec615f7cf77cbf4e674f9aedb5c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Kilns in Hanley – 1930 Description An account of the resource This image depicts the growth of pottery industrialization in Hanley, part of Staffordshire. It is representative of how pottery went from the hands of individual skilled potters to being mass produced in factories, as was the case with transfer printed pearlware in the early 18th century. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.thepotteries.org/six_towns/hanley.htm Archaeological Find Object Name Transfer Printed Pearlware Sherds Inventory Description 3 Transfer Printed Pearlware Sherds Peabody Number 2018.24.75 Intrasite H958 Level 1 Depth 50-60cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Earthenware Class 3 Pearlware Quantity 3 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.9 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 3.2 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .6 Notes 3 Transfer Printed Pearlware Sherds. Fenced Design. All 3 Sherds cross-mend Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transfer Print Pearlware Sherds Subject The topic of the resource Transfer Print Pearlware as part of improvement in technology and a global economy Description An account of the resource Transfer printed pearlware like the ceramic depicted gives us a sense of the rapid improvement in technology as well as the effects of the ever-expanding transatlantic trade system of the early 19th century. While earlier techniques like hand painting produced ceramics with an excellent level of craftmanship and artistry, the process was laborious and costly, restricting the number of objects in circulation and leaving potters in a relatively niche market. By the mid 18th century, England began using the transfer printing process, enabling higher quality, more consistent, and detailed representations on various ceramics, a technological marvel at the time. Not only that, the process was far more cheaply, opening the door for mass production of fine painted ceramics, thus consolidating the market to a fewer number of large manufacturers, meaning that finished products from England could reach the colonies more easily in larger quantities. While many of the artifacts collected at Harvard Yard had been manufactured more locally, pearlware from this time came all the way from England by the Staffordshire Potteries, a vanguard of the industrial revolution. Finished products arrived in the colonies as part of the larger triangular trade system, so with this pearlware we are looking at material evidence of the inhabitants of colonial Harvard directly enjoying the benefits of a new global trade system. They could now dine with beautifully painted pearlware, but for a fraction of the price. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Transfer-printed Creamware and Pearlware for the American Market” Nelson describes the expansion of transfer printed creamware pearlware into the American market. She explains that original American scenes started to be depicted in English-produced ceramics, indicating the rising demand for these objects in the colonies as part of a large trade system. “Kilns in Hanley – 1930” aThis image depicts the growth of pottery industrialization in Hanley, part of Staffordshire. It is representative of how pottery went from the hands of individual skilled potters to being mass produced in factories, as was the case with transfer printed pearlware in the early 18th century. http://www.thepotteries.org/six_towns/hanley.htm “Federal Reserve Feature 30” This pearlware plate, dated to c.1814, depicts an American scene with a continuous floral design on edge. The center illustration reflects the rising demand for American designs from the colonies, and the detail and symmetry exemplify the improvement made with transfer printing over other techniques. Also pictured is the Ridgway maker’s mark, a prominent Staffordshire pottery. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/Printed%20Earthenwares/Central%20Designs/Thumbnail%20pages/British%20and%20American%20Central%20Designs.htm https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ca82cc05eccd4782b405ff8d5a68fe1c.jpg f2ce6d2f9783770429854216123d5197 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Clear glass bottle fragment Subject The topic of the resource This is a fragment of a bottle that was found in Level 1 of Unit H961 in Harvard Yard. It is likely from a Whittemore Shoe Polish bottle given the font, lettering, and color. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/7c35ccc15ed9ac81f2056efabaa02086.jpeg 09eb48603b270898bc01f2e730119911 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whittemore Shoe Polish ad Subject The topic of the resource This is an ad for Whittemore's shoe polish. This is the product that the bottles were used to house. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/c058e3b8046c74d69239151bf01125aa.jpg 94fe19d0af149a5aefdd9cdef532b0fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whittemore Glass Bottle Subject The topic of the resource The fragment found in Unit H961 seems to be a piece of the bottle featuring the final two letters of "Boston". https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/9172aba3e01f6b36134e3c03d19151dc.png fbb4449c9ab90ed70133aaed4b6e46c3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ad in Harvard Lampoon Subject The topic of the resource This is an ad placed by Max Keezer for his store in the Harvard Lampoon. It is from an issue that ran in April of 1905. Archaeological Find Object Name Clear glass bottle fragment Inventory Description Clear glass fragment, probable sherd from Whittemore Boston bottle given letter font and placement. Intrasite H961, Level 1 Depth 0-59cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle glass Class 3 Clear bottle glass Quantity 1 Notes There is a slight curve to the fragment, as well as a raising where the lettering is. Only the letters "O" and "N" are visible. Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.6cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.8 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .4cm Peabody Number 2018.24.796 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bringing the Shine Back: Uncovering a Whittemore Shoe Polish Bottle Subject The topic of the resource 26 August, 1909 Sitting at the counter, the shopkeep was dozing as the airy chatter of students passing by outside lulled him to sleep. A clear bottle sits poised on the highest shelf, catching the warm afternoon light that filled Keezer’s Clothier. The door chimes signaling the arrival of a customer and startling Max Keezer awake. A young man enters the shop. He is the servant of Thomas Sterns Eliot, an incoming first-year student at the College. Thomas is a young man moving into Apley Court, the illustrious dorm on the famed “Gold Coast” built twelve years prior by John Howe. He is preparing the room for Eliot’s arrival later this week and is hoping to buy some Gilt Edge Dressing so he can shine his shoes before he arrives. Max Keezer nods sagely and reaches behind the counter for the bottle carefully embossed with WHITTEMORE BOSTON. The servant accepts the bottle gratefully, years of service seemingly fused in his bones. Eliot is unlikely to even notice when his shoes are shined, but he will certainly notice when they are not. He relishes this unspoken marker of his prestige above the boys in the yard, men of a different life. As he left with a wave, Mr. Keezer is left to ponder the life of a servant amidst the wealth and entitlement that dominates life less than a mile down the road from his very shop. He thinks about the cramped rooms and poor meals that define life as a student’s servant. This unspoken relationship between the bubbling to the top of the champagne glass for one party and the scalded and stained hands that clean that very glass at the end of the night when the toasts are over. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sources: Cambridge Chronicle Article: “Cambridge Chronicle, 2 October 1897.” Cambridge Chronicle 2 October 1897 - Cambridge Public Library, 2 Oct. 1897, cambridge.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/cambridge?a=d&d=Chronicle18971002-01.2.118&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------. This article heralds the 1897 opening of Apley Court, the only freshman dormitory on the so-called “Gold Coast”.  Students of Apley Court were wealthier and often had servants who lived with them. Article on Student Life at 1900s Harvard “Harvard 1900 – Student Life – FDR Foundation.” FDR Foundation, fdrfoundation.org/the-fdr-suite/harvard-1900-student-life/. This source explicates the divide between the wealthy students who lived on the “Gold Coast” and those who lived in the yard. The more privileged students often came to Harvard with servants who would assist them with more menial tasks. Cambridge Timeline: <a href="https://kids.kiddle.co/Timeline_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts">Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts Facts for Kids</a>. Kiddle Encyclopedia. https://kids.kiddle.co/Timeline_of_Cambridge,_Massachusetts This source provides a date for the 1895 establishment of the longstanding clothing store, Keezer’s Clothier in Cambridge. This store was and continues to be a regular haunt for students. Images: Photo and article on Whittemore Glass bottles: “Whittemore Boston U.S.A. Shoe Polish Bottles.” GLASS BOTTLE MARKS, www.glassbottlemarks.com/whittemore-boston-antique-bottles/. Whittemore Bottle, dated between 1870 and 1930. According to the site, these bottles were most often used to house shoe polish. This provides context for who would have been buying/using the bottle. Also, gives reason for the bottle to be in Keezer’s, a store that sold luxury clothes. Keezer’s Advertisement in Lampoon Keezer, Max. “Keezer's Advertisement.” The Harvard Lampoon, 20 Mar. 1905. https://books.google.com/books?id=RAUTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=harvard+lampoon+keezers&source=bl&ots=gMYJ4bSNWB&sig=ACfU3U3q-1EYBBhqwLOekF3br2iH2s_5YA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiegOSo1rnhAhVodt8KHQ4-BGQQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=harvard%20lampoon%20keezers&f=false This advertisement from a 1904 issue of the Harvard Lampoon depicts Max Keezer asking for old clothes for his storefront on Bow Street. Keezer was likely to also have been selling shoe polish for the shoes he peddled. “Whittemore, Boston, French Gloss,” <a href="https://baybottles.com/2018/04/01/whittemore-boston-french-gloss/">https://baybottles.com/2018/04/01/whittemore-boston-french-gloss/</a> This website provides an amazing image of an intact Whittemore bottle. It also gives an example of Whittemore Shoe Polish ads, which is what the bottles were used for. 19 20 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e2b337c26fd7458b1b0266987ab822eb.jpg 5077c46dfe2b75c908c92f1aefd8ccd8 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/df6303976d4a1a900d421bcd94515052.jpg 9d5be6dfe3186f15a40dd5f392b0d272 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/21e473bee18630e68b6426658625791a.jpg 52a56371bebd13203e217019eaefcb50 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f2df3c24d9f94985a78fb52efa7b224e.jpeg c7d40fa0033ce096d760cf55324248ee Archaeological Find Object Name Rhenish Blue on Grey Stoneware Sherds Inventory Description Rhenish Blue on Grey Stoneware Sherds Peabody Number 2018.24.590 Culture/Period 17th Century Intrasite H963 Level 4 Depth 80 - 100 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Stoneware Class 3 Sherd Quantity 6 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4.14 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 4.09 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.57 Notes These six Rhenish stoneware sherds cross-mend. They may have been part of a jug. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Present in Both Vermeer's Dutch Republic and Chauncy's Harvard: The Intercontinental Trade of Rhenish Stonewares Subject The topic of the resource This grouping of six blue on grey stoneware sherds illustrates both the extent of the European ceramic trade and the foodways of colonists in the seventeenth century. Since the sherds cross-mend and two of them have ribbed edges, this collection may have once been part of a jug or tankard. This jug would have been a gorgeous example of Rhenish stoneware from the Westerwald region of Germany. Westerwald was one of the centers of European stoneware production throughout the seventeenth century and ceramics produced there were exported throughout the rest of Europe and the English colonies. Due to the fragile nature of ceramics, it is unlikely that the early colonists brought over many with them. American production of stonewares did not really take off until the early eighteenth century, so the first few generations of colonists depended on Atlantic trade with England and the rest of Europe for their ceramic needs. It is also interesting to note the forms of ceramics present in archaeological excavations. In seventeenth century sites, such as the Old College Building, there were very few, if any, plates. Meals were taken on wooden trenchers, which were shared by two to three “trencher mates.” Ceramics were typically used either to consume or store liquids. Storage forms were eventually standardized and often had numbers incised into them to demarcate the quantity of liquid they could hold. This jug may have once held a wide variety of liquids, ranging from the beer that accompanied the students’ morning bever (light breakfast) to the wine that students drank surreptitiously in their quarters after hours. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sources: Deetz, James. 1996. In Small Things Forgotten: An Archaeology of Early American Life. New York, NY: Anchor Books. “Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland.” Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum website. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/ "Historic Archaeology Type Collection." Florida Museum website. https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/typeceramics/type/stoneware-rhenish-blue-and-gray/ Hume, Ivor Noël. 1969. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. Images: “Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland.” Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum website. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/colonialceramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/Rhenish.html - This is a good example of a blue on grey stoneware jug. The six sherds we found in Level 4 may have once been part of a similar jug. Essential Vermeer 2.0. "The Procuress." http://www.essentialvermeer.com/catalogue/procuress.html#.XKbGgxNKgWo - This painting is interesting because it illustrates the presence of Rhenish stoneware across Continental Europe during the 17th Century. As shown by our excavations, Rhenish stoneware also made it across the Atlantic. Examples have even been found in the Spanish colonies in Florida and Central America. It is clear there was a thriving trade. World Menagerie. "Bakken Trencher Dough Bowl." https://www.wayfair.com/decor-pillows/pdx/world-menagerie-bakken-trencher-dough-bowl-w001200567.html/ - This modern-day trencher resembles the trenchers that Harvard students would have eaten off of in the 17th Century. Due to their construction, few, if any, trenchers have survived since the 17th century. The absence of plates in the archaeological record, however, makes it clear that trenchers were used for food consumption, instead of plates. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/a45cf6b43d04e06727225d20b731f8f2.JPG c16e0ae59edfaff4616445767da638e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tin glazed earthenware sherd with hand painted Chinese floral pattern. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/992341c7f62990fc7dbf08be6adae9d2.png 568d1d1dc5c02bc042f9b81b36cd886c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A painting of gentlemen surrounding a table-clothed table with a blue patterned punchbowl. The clear positioning of the bowl reflects its significance as an indicator of social standing. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Unknown artist. 1732. A Midnight Modern Conversation. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection. https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/1671164 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/feb1611fc6168a20520737ab1948abd0.jpeg 8ccddb9040aed04a8b33527902799ee4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A full-sized tin glazed earthenware punchbowl, decorated with a Chinese floral pattern, from the Two Friends Cite 18CH308. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/ColonialCeramics/Colonial-LargeImages/Tin%20Glazed/TG-18CH308-3.htm Archaeological Find Object Name Tin Glazed Earthenware, Blue Handpainted, Chinese Blue Floral Inventory Description Tin Glazed Earthenware, Blue Handpainted, Chinese Blue Floral Peabody Number 2018.24.473 Intrasite H957 Level 4 Depth 80-90 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Earthenware Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.3 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.8 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tin Glazed Earthenware Sherd Subject The topic of the resource This small sherd of tin glazed earthenware gives an insight into the divided socio-economic nature that existed in the dining area at the college. The visible hand painted blue splotch was likely part of an elaborate Chinese floral design, which was particularly popular between 1690-1770’s (“Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland” 2019). From the very start of college, freshmen were ranked by their social standing and perceived value to the community. This ranking stayed with them throughout their time at Harvard and affected many different aspects of their experience, including how they ate (Johnson 2017). Unlike the equal dining culture a Harvard student encounters today, there were a number of ways students were subject to varying degrees of wealth in the dining area. This became increasingly prominent during the 18th century as the growing desire for materialistic items was exemplified through the refined design of the dining table. This sherd was likely part of an elaborate fruit bowl, put on display in the center of a Fellows' table due to its resemblance of expensive Chinese porcelain. The expensive glazing and design process of this ceramic, known as Delftware (Hume 2001), was a particularly apparent indicator of social distinction. The owner of this sherd likely inscribed their initials on the bottom of the bowl as direct evidence of their social rank. Dining at the Fellows' Table was exclusive to those who had a higher rank and were amongst the more affluent students (“Digging Veritas” 2019). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland.” Jefpat.Org. website, 2019. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/index.htm “Digging Veritas”. 2019. Harvard Peabody Museum website. https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/digging-veritas-exhibition Hume, Ivor Noel. 2001. A guide to the artifacts of colonial America. University of Pennsylvania Press. Johnson, Claudia Durst. 2017. Daily life in colonial New England. ABC-CLIO. Unknown artist. 1732. A Midnight Modern Conversation. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/2ad151d711eda852b82650fc42ad84fb.JPG 3a712aca45f32bacb5e21d104c2a8556 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of the Manganese-Mottled Sherd https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/42e8a65a8ec696d048859003883211c4.JPG 6221087b144d4a63e460fc408cd97439 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of the Manganese-Mottled Sherd https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/bab08c64718f46b93b87715e614422cd.jpg 86f3cdbcba2819d5147a9d4eb79d13a9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A 17th Century Tavern by David Teniers entitled "Smokers and Drinkers" (1660). Archaeological Find Object Name Manganese-Mottled Earthenware Sherd Inventory Description In a quiet town in the West Midlands of England in the late 1600s, a potter spins a wheel of clay. Amidst the bustling factory, he hones in on his trademark speciality, a manganese-mottled tankard. The finished product has a smooth rim, with dark purplish brown flecks and streaks of manganese (Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum 2008). Accompanied by a caramel brown lead glaze, this tankard’s elegance is found in its simplicity. These black mugs and tankards gained popularity beginning in the 17th century (Hume 2006). Many manganese-mottled tankards journeyed from the potter’s wheel in the West Midlands to colonial towns such as Charlestown. For these young colonies, taverns were centers of community life and it is likely that a manganese-mottled tankard would have found its way there. As songs played in the background, citizens could often be found socializing over tankards of beers and smoking pipes. The Three Cranes Tavern in Charlestown and the Goody Bradish Tavern right next to Harvard were familiar spots for many a Harvard man (Morrison 1936). The Puritan leaders of the time attempted to control drinking and smoking by outlawing them from the Harvard campus. In fact, both drinking and smoking were explicitly outlawed in the College Book of Laws (College Book 1636). When students wanted a drink, many would come to these taverns. Today, we have some records that depict what taverns in the 17th century were like. For example, Dutch painter David Teniers has manifested the frivolity and light-heartedness of taverns in his painting “Smokers and Drinkers” (Teniers 1660). These taverns were the precise antithesis of the stern and austere Harvard institution of the time. Manganese-mottled earthenware was eventually made in the colonies, and by the 18th century, it had become much more ubiquitous. Students at the College brought their own vessels to use, and their vessel of choice often corresponded with their socioeconomic status. Manganese-mottled earthenware speaks to both the traditional table at Harvard, which was defined by scheduled meal times and socioeconomic hierarchy, and it also speaks to the other, more licentious Harvard experience that took place in taverns. Today, it is likely that sherds of manganese-mottled earthenware are located below our feet in Harvard Yard. Perhaps some originated from the West Midlands and perhaps some traces back to the Three Cranes Tavern; however, it is clear that no matter the origin, this ceramic sheds light on life in the 17th and 18th centuries at Harvard. Peabody Number 2018.24.476 Intrasite H957 Level 3 Depth 70-80 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Earthenware Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.1 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 0.9 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Manganese-Mottled Earthenware Sherd Subject The topic of the resource In a quiet town in the West Midlands of England in the late 1600s, a potter spins a wheel of clay. Amidst the bustling factory, he hones in on his trademark speciality, a manganese-mottled tankard. The finished product has a smooth rim, with dark purplish brown flecks and streaks of manganese (Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum 2008). Accompanied by a caramel brown lead glaze, this tankard’s elegance is found in its simplicity. These black mugs and tankards gained popularity beginning in the 17th century (Hume 2006). Many manganese-mottled tankards journeyed from the potter’s wheel in the West Midlands to colonial towns such as Charlestown. For these young colonies, taverns were centers of community life and it is likely that a manganese-mottled tankard would have found its way there. As songs played in the background, citizens could often be found socializing over tankards of beers and smoking pipes. The Three Cranes Tavern in Charlestown and the Goody Bradish Tavern right next to Harvard were familiar spots for many a Harvard man (Morrison 1936). The Puritan leaders of the time attempted to control drinking and smoking by outlawing them from the Harvard campus. In fact, both drinking and smoking were explicitly outlawed in the College Book of Laws (College Book 1636). When students wanted a drink, many would come to these taverns. Today, we have some records that depict what taverns in the 17th century were like. For example, Dutch painter David Teniers has manifested the frivolity and light-heartedness of taverns in his painting “Smokers and Drinkers” (Teniers 1660). These taverns were the precise antithesis of the stern and austere Harvard institution of the time. Manganese-mottled earthenware was eventually made in the colonies, and by the 18th century, it had become much more ubiquitous. Students at the College brought their own vessels to use, and their vessel of choice often corresponded with their socioeconomic status. Manganese-mottled earthenware speaks to both the traditional table at Harvard, which was defined by scheduled meal times and socioeconomic hierarchy, and it also speaks to the other, more licentious Harvard experience that took place in taverns. Today, it is likely that sherds of manganese-mottled earthenware are located below our feet in Harvard Yard. Perhaps some originated from the West Midlands and perhaps some traces back to the Three Cranes Tavern; however, it is clear that no matter the origin, this ceramic sheds light on life in the 17th and 18th centuries at Harvard. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “After David Teniers the Younger | Peasant Seated, Smoking and Drinking, to the Left of a Table | The Met.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum. Accessed April 4, 2019. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/376343. “Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland.” Accessed April 4, 2019. http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/colonialceramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/ManganeseMottled.html. Harvard University. Corporation. College Book 1, 1636-1795. UAI 5.5, Accessed April 1st, 2019. Harvard University Archives. Hume, Ivor Noel. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania, 2001. Accessed April 1st, 2019. Print. Morison, Samuel Eliot. Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century. Accessed April 1st, 2019. Harvard university press, 1936. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e77e40ad066df7bb963832f0c11f0067.jpg b2d9d03e635959e912555b5659d90db9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Window glass fragments excavated in Level 1 of unit H964. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/1045618a5994f9531eded221450a04e3.jpg 8e8304fd1644e2c7adeaf63dfd0f2386 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource These 1655 college laws showcase how Harvard’s Puritan beliefs manifested in stringent rules for student behavior. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. Corporation. 1655. “Laws and Statutes of Harvard, 1655-1890.” https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:50738105$21i. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/23adef1b8fcf83fd68f62f76b4134321.jpg aa4b8971eb1e63ff4210d99c1d52db12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource These seventeenth century diamond-paned windows discovered in eastern Massachusetts provide insight into how the glass fragments may have looked in their diamond-pane frame. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Law, Heather, Guido Pezzarossi, Stephen Mrozowski, and David Landon. 2008. “ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTENSIVE EXCAVATION Hassanamesit Woods Property The Sarah Boston Farmstead, Grafton, Massachusetts The Hassanamesit Woods Management Committee Submitted to: The Town of Grafton, MA The Nipmuc Nation.” Boston Cultural Resource Management Study No. 26. The Andrew Fiske Memorial Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. https://www.grafton-ma.gov/sites/graftonma/files/pages/2008_fiske_hassanamesit_woods_report14_1.pdf. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/5dbf4a6373e8dfa7f269d79243752a16.jpg ab146bbd21148a120389f31f5caf4a8f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This conjectural image of the Old College provides insight into how the diamond pane windows that these glass fragments were likely from may have appeared within the larger Old College building. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Shurtleff, Harold Robert. 1668. Collegium Harvardianum Cantabrigiae in Nova Anglia, A.D. MDCLXVIII [Map, 1935]. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e73774c70425b920e985b17b4fe39780.jpg 11daad28d7def0beb945af11f621b182 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This Harvard disciplinary file describes Tudor’s breaking of a tutor’s window after his speech lamenting the unfairness of a new recitation rule. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. 1768b. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences vs Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189983?n=1. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/50d53937144b03e00e9a2556cb75b37c.jpg 3e597950ab3580f1f00ae037ea3c1822 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This Harvard disciplinary file reveals the motivations for Tudor’s window-breaking: anger at a new regulation imposed by tutors. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harvard University. 1768a. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences against Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189986?n=1 Archaeological Find Object Name Window Glass Fragments Inventory Description Window Glass Fragments Peabody Number 2018.24.283 Intrasite H964 Level 1 Depth 47-58cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Flat glass Class 3 Window glass Quantity 58 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 4 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.3 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Window Glass Fragments Subject The topic of the resource Because it was found in the same stratigraphic layer as what we believe is the Old College’s foundation trench, this array of broken glass likely dates to the seventeenth century Old College building. The characteristics of the glass are difficult to discern due to the small pieces of the fragments; however, given that windows during the time of the Old College were usually diamond-shaped, its likely that the window’s original form was a diamond (Hume 1970, 233; Stubbs 1992, 436). These seventeenth century diamond-paned windows discovered in eastern Massachusetts provide insight into how the glass fragments may have looked in their diamond-pane frame (Law et al 2008, 59). Additionally, this conjectural map of Harvard Yard provides insight into how the diamond pane windows may have appeared within the larger Old College building (Shurtleff 1935). These glass fragments shed light on student rule-breaking during early Harvard. Steeped in the Puritan belief that humans were naturally depraved sinners and that the devil was constantly at work, Harvard’s administration sought to forbade disorderly conduct by students, banning “drunkenness, fighteing, sweareing, curseing, filthy, speakeing profanes, reveling, playing at cards and dice, or such like” in the Harvard College Laws of 1655 (Mather 1639, 1-18; Godbeer 1989, 50-95; Chauncey et al. 1655, 12). Yet, students would often break the windows of tutors to signal their displeasure with college rules; during the seventeenth century there were six different “student riots and window breaking sprees” (Stubbs 1992, 96). An account of a later window breaking incident from 1768 can provide insight into the reasons that students broke tutor’s windows. Angry at a new recitation rule imposed by tutors, one student, William Tudor, is listed in Harvard’s disciplinary files as making “a long speech putting forth the unreasonableness of the regulation.” (Wright 2017, 1-1ii; Harvard University-a 1768, 1). Tudor escalated his actions against a tutor to window breaking; a separate Harvard disciplinary files reads that after his speech he proceeded in the “breaking of W Willards windows” (Harvard University-b 1768, 1). Perhaps these glass fragments come from a similar incident! Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft ... Reprinted from the North American Review, Etc. 1869. Godbeer, Richard. 1989. “The Devil’s Dominion: Magic and Religion in Early New England.” Ph.D., United States -- Massachusetts: Brandeis University. http://search.proquest.com/docview/303735908/abstract/7FAC6283DD6C46A1PQ/1. Harvard University. 1768a. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences against Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189986?n=1. ———. 1768b. “Records of the Faculty Relating to Disorders, 1768-ca. 1880s. Evidences vs Tudor.” http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.ARCH:11189983?n=1. Harvard University. Corporation. 1655. “Laws and Statutes of Harvard, 1655-1890.” https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:50738105$21i. Law, Heather, Guido Pezzarossi, Stephen Mrozowski, and David Landon. 2008. “ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTENSIVE EXCAVATION Hassanamesit Woods Property The Sarah Boston Farmstead, Grafton, Massachusetts The Hassanamesit Woods Management Committee Submitted to: The Town of Grafton, MA The Nipmuc Nation.” Boston Cultural Resource Management Study No. 26. The Andrew Fiske Memorial Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. https://www.grafton-ma.gov/sites/graftonma/files/pages/2008_fiske_hassanamesit_woods_report14_1.pdf. Mather, Cotton. 1991. “A Discourse on the Power and Malice of the Devils.” In Cotton Mather: Historical Writings. Library of American Puritan Writings ; v. 23. New York, N.Y.: AMS Press. Noël Hume, Ivor. 1970. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Knopf,. Peabody, Stephen. 2017. Pedagogues and Protesters:The Harvard College Student Diary of Stephen Peabody, 1767-1768. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press in association with Massachusetts Historical Society. Shurtleff, Harold Robert. 1668. Collegium Harvardianum Cantabrigiae in Nova Anglia, A.D. MDCLXVIII [Map, 1935]. Stubbs, John Delano. 1992. “Underground Harvard: The Archaeology of College Life.” 1992. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/879f1d62d30406c8fa79d2fea37dbfd5.jpg 7ac08c66f15e70904bf7d5545792345e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments (Peabody 2018.24.153). https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/67da4a7184c34be76f3a215582b49bbb.jpg 6d92fbd8fd2432813a57d58a7e4a8474 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Children and pregnant mothers were often included on trade cards to signal the family-wide appropriateness of sarsaparilla. Images of youth enhanced the perception of longevity offered by patent medicine. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ayer, James C. (Manufacturer). "Trade card for Ayer's Sarsaparilla, Dr. J.C. Ayer & Co., Lowell, Mass, undated." Historic New England, https://hne-rs.s3.amazonaws.com/filestore/1/4/0/1/7/3_5db1a444c8edce7/140173scr_7a98622f3fa9326.jpg. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4ddedf6a7943efab87a3270e09c19387.jpg 01e3c82262778cbfa704bf57c627589e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Medicinal advertisements employed half-truths: It is likely that many Hood’s Sarsaparilla users had also recovered (naturally) from their ailments. Causal studies would not appear until the advances of twentieth-century statistics. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hood, Charles I. (Manufacturer). "In the Light of its Record of Cures take Hood's Sarsaparilla, 1896." Philadelphia Museum of Art, http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/228791.html?mulR=287. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/43da88af4ee355a59467a9169536eef2.jpg 4fa7fc8b66c1fbebd4061221608a31be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Patent medicine advertising drew power from its ubiquity. Even in Olean, NY (a town of 4,000 in the 1890 census), Hood’s Sarsaparilla would have been available at a local pharmacy. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hood, Charles I. (Manufacturer). “The Olean Democrat., March 10, 1887, Page 5, Image 5.” New York State Historic Newspapers, http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn92061812/1887-03-10/ed-1/seq-5/image_681x463_from_1700,4075_to_4413,5920.jpg. Archaeological Find Object Name Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments Inventory Description Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments Peabody Number 2018.24.153 Intrasite H962 Level 1 Depth 50-59 cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Aqua Bottle Glass Quantity 4 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 7.5 cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 4.5 cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.6 cm Notes The largest fragment features the letters "LOW" (partial "W") and "MAS" on two lines. A distinct possibility is noted of the object matching sarsaparilla bottle fragments found during the 2016 excavations (Peabody 2016.29.61). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sarsaparilla Patent Medicine Bottle Fragments Subject The topic of the resource These aqua bottle fragments offer a glimpse into late nineteenth century medicinal advertising. Among many lucrative patent medicines was sarsaparilla, marketed as a "blood purifier" offering relief from anemia, indigestion and skin diseases, among other afflictions (Estes 1988, 6). Producers without formal medical training employed "medical propaganda" to promote sarsaparilla in calendars, almanacs, coloring books and other paper advertisements; by the late nineteenth century, most medical journals advertised patent medicines and physicians frequently prescribed them (Dykstra 1955, 402). This bottle was likely manufactured by either C.I. Hood & Co. or the James C. Ayer Company, which were both headquartered in Lowell, Massachusetts. The rival producers held substantial commercial influence: By the 1890s, Ayer distributed over 16 million annual copies of its almanac in 21 languages; Hood’s annual advertisements during the same period numbered 25 million, making it the largest user of U.S. mail in Lowell (Estes 1988, 8; Griffin 2014). Sarsaparilla advertisements often included chemical formulas to convey authority; others selectively quoted biblical verses, most notably Leviticus 17:11— "the life of the flesh is in the blood" (Estes 1988, 8, 11). Manufacturers often trademarked sarsaparilla rather than patenting it, which would have required disclosure of the 18% alcohol solution generating disproportionate financial returns (Dykstra 1955, 403, 406). The fragment’s raised lettering—which had appeared in medicine bottles by the late eighteenth century—serves as one example of the medical texts that permeated nineteenth-century Bostonian life (Hume 2001, 75). Whether advertised in newspapers, calendars or in glass, it would not be until the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act that proprietary medicines were placed under strict federal oversight. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Dykstra, David L. "The Medical Profession and Patent and Proprietary Medicines during the Nineteenth Century." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 29 (1955): 401-419. Estes, J. Worth. "The Pharmacology of Nineteenth-Century Patent Medicines." Pharmacy in History 30, no. 1 (1988): 3-18. Griffin, Jessica. "Hood’s Sarsaparilla, Lowell, MA." Old Main Artifacts. https://oldmainartifacts.wordpress.com/2014/01/21/hoods-sarsaparilla-lowell-ma/. Hume, Ivor Noël. 2001. A Guide to the Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e5546fe5c430dcb15cc11335657257b8.png 5f7795897abc9d78babeab9a379618f1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A composite image of the front and back of the copper alloy shank button, with scale. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo taken and edited by the author with the help of Wade Campbell. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/f212894979c3b5075cc6b2f2916ab754.jpg 8a4b00a7ca317bb66034e191797bc779 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Massachusetts Bay Colony legislature codified Puritanical attitudes toward adornment in the seventeenth century (Whitmore 1889, 123). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Whitmore, William Henry 1889 The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts: Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Boston, MA. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/73d21cd3aa4719c6ea91df216beae2f9.jpg 057cebab921ae9ed63096bfa38a9e62c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This advertisement by merchant Abigail Whitney reflects the increased commercialism of eighteenth century Boston, as well as the popularity of adornments and the amplified public roles of women (Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768 “Imported from London, By Abigail Whitney.” Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary, March 31. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/7a7651e5082a379c6a144b5093f77f1f.jpg 7dafdc0bffb30cbbffc50d617e56a2e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource This famous portrait of John Hancock illustrates how buttons could be both practical and lavish (Copley 1765). Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Copley, John Singleton 1765 John Hancock. Painting, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA. Archaeological Find Object Name Heavily corroded copper alloy shank button Inventory Description A heavily corroded curved copper alloy button with sharp protrusion indicating shank, probable sleeve button. Peabody Number 2018.24.522 Intrasite H965 Level 2 Depth 62-72cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Personal Class 3 Button Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.01 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.01 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 0.1 Notes Most likely eighteenth century and of English origin Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Copper alloy shank button Subject The topic of the resource We live in changing times. A little over a century ago, the Massachusetts legislature expressed their “utter detestation & dislike, that men or women of mean condition, should take upon them the garb of Gentlemen by wearing gold or silvar lace, or buttons, or points at their knees, or to walk in great boots” (Whitmore 1889, 123). Just this morning, however, I visited Abigail Whitney’s shop on Union Street, where I found “white Lace... Ribbons, twist & mettal Buttons... shirt Buttons, Horn and Ivory Combs… English Shoes and Clogs,” and countless other adornments (Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768)! The Puritans might have shunned Abigail’s commercial extravagance, but I certainly appreciate her low prices and wide selection of adornments. I first learned about Abigail’s shop when she advertised in the Massachusetts Gazette. I took the advertisement as a testament to her business prowess–– there are quite a few women merchants in Boston, but few have the means to advertise in such prominent publications (Keyes 2018). The copper alloy shank sleeve button that I purchased from Abigail is nothing fancy, but it will help me look the part of an aspiring gentleman. I dream of one day being mistaken for John Hancock, who like me rose from impoverishment to study at Harvard College. John Singleton Copley’s recent portrait of John Hancock in his home on Beacon Street features him in a gorgeous navy blue frock coat with over a dozen exquisite buttons (Copley 1765). Many Bostonians look to John Hancock as a commercial or political leader, but I see him as a fashion icon! Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Copley, John Singleton 1765 John Hancock. Painting, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA. Fairfax County Archaeological Research Team 2017 “Eighteenth Century Buttons.” C.A.R.T. Archaeology website, February 3. Accessed April 5, 2019. https://cartarchaeology.wordpress.com/2017/02/03/eighteenth-century-buttons/. Hinks, Stephen 1988 A Structural and Functional Analysis of Eighteenth Century Buttons. Thesis, College of William and Mary. Keyes, Carl Robert 2018 “March 31.” The Adverts 250 Project website, March 31. Accessed April 5, 2019. https://adverts250project.org/2018/03/31/march-31-3/. Loren, Diana 2016 “Bodily Protection: Dress, Health, and Anxiety in Colonial New England.” In The Archaeology of Anxiety: The Materiality of Anxiousness, Worry, and Fear. Jeffrey Fleisher and Neil Norman, eds. Pp. 141-156. New York: Springer. Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary 1768 “Imported from London, By Abigail Whitney.” Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary, March 31. Whitmore, William Henry 1889 The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts: Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672. Boston, MA. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d127c5dae1453b33aa12392dbff9cb98.jpg c260a5f37084280ae55a02d3554f58c3 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/4844e14d66e78a3c1318193003f70b02.jpg 5856d27662f0d6bfe58b0f0341bb80c4 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/fcfd1885688f783c1ea312f3bc133ae7.png f2592878437d1b560c4b4ad3cb6bf458 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/5f955853135f2edc88ce643a7e10fbf1.png d2717c152475224cb46d8fc826db78c4 Archaeological Find Object Name Glass Vessel Inventory Description Glass Vessel Peabody Number 2018.24.506 Intrasite H963 Level 3 Depth 70 - 80 cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Bottle Glass Class 3 Aqua Bottle Glass Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3.64 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 3.64 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 1.43 Notes It has a pontil mark. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Glass Vessel Fragment Subject The topic of the resource This glass fragment was from what seems to be the bottom of a medicine glass. This bottle from the shape, pontil mark, and depth of discovery seems to be from late 17th or early 18th century. It seems to be a medicine bottle due to the size, shape, and slight green hue. The bottle size does not seem to show that it was angular at the top. The size of the bottle indicates that it was not used as a glass but rather as a vessel to store something. This bottle does not seem like it would be ornate or have heavy branding of the vessel. This is why it seems as though the local doctor or pharmacist was using this bottle to sell or give medicine to their patients to keep and store their medicine. At the time, there was not much access to doctors so people would have to live with pain and ailments due to the isolated nature of the early colonial New Englanders which leads people to have to store medicines in these glass bottles to self-treat and diagnose. Health concerns affected people of all social and economic status which is why medicine bottles would be found for most homes. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Source 1: https://sha.org/bottle/medicinal.htm Over the years, medicine bottles changed shapes and colors depending on the branding to the pharmacist. Before the Pure Food and Drug Act, the branding and drug information available was up to the pharmacist. Source 2: http://colonialnorthamerica.library.harvard.edu/spotlight/cna/feature/medicine-in-colonial-north-america Doctors in early colonial North America were also businessmen. Selling these medicines and their bottles was very important due to how isolated people tended to be. Source 3: Noël Hume, Ivor. Historical Archaeology. 1st Ed.] ed. New York: Knopf : Distributed by Random House, 1969. Medicine bottles over time have changed in shape and form. In the early seventeenth century, medicine bottles were often made in England. As time went on, the bottles became more angular. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/20a08c4c1170a0af6b2d1b5a0146ca8b.jpg f92568ef0b56f48797a0de201ad9368b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource stratigraphy H962 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/de63062dc37cfd69ff167afdffd10b49.PNG 49a5acb05b060e47e76dfcfaf74ad4cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3D aerial Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Kyle Sanok; Annie Lynch https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ffd07be0ea3362904347278819b21216.PNG ad6062f44f72fb26f5d4578569b95d25 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 3D Aerial Yard https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/2fea4948b30627e97b11d1ef24e5b384.png b1d4fc094395f03685f3c110474b6043 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource StratigraphyH962 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/06b7279be3564e9162ab4ad1a29280dd.jpg b1e4ba1e8794066890cd5b47d62264f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old college conjectural drawing https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d449eacb6978344923739d660eee1d65.jpg 85808f3b0823ca39ca47d40a6dfa64d5 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/26960117b860cd07ffa2858de59cc832.jpg 1989b7818638a32ba4a5e5e02cf6ba19 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource About page images https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/74eec7e30d4435fb5aa489d7a023660b.jpg 54a7997c83a1bbf9bed625743dac4446 Archaeological Find Object Name Unidentified Metal Inventory Description Triangular, rusted piece of metal that curves on one side. Has a piece of roof slate connected to one corner by rust. Object is approximately bisected by an extrusion in the metal. Peabody Number 2021.6.8 Intrasite H971 Level 5 Depth 27 cm - 48 cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Miscellaneous Class 3 Unidentified Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 22 cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 17 cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 5.5 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unidentified Metal Subject The topic of the resource Unidentified Metal https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/d86e61e5291c25d570c0c24556b1e85b.jpg 3c342353bd3d16f84d49d54d3441a022 Archaeological Find Object Name Domed Pewter Button with Shank Inventory Description Domed Pewter Button with Shank Peabody Number 2021.6.2 Intrasite H970 L3 Depth 17-27cm Class 1 Metal Class 2 Personal Class 3 Button Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 1.4cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.4cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object 1.4cm Culture/Period 1750-1830 Century 18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Domed Pewter Button with Shank https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/8b8c646bf80b93de9aa9df12ef0a263f.jpeg b4f2a701bb7afd94e2209d5d57776035 Archaeological Find Object Name Window glass Inventory Description Small fragments of window glass Peabody Number 2021.6.6 Intrasite H974, Level 1 Depth 18-28cm Class 1 Glass Class 2 Flat glass Class 3 Window glass Quantity 15 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 3 Width (cm) Dimension of Object 2.2 Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Window Glass https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/ca99afb3797e957d718321028d3c6897.png d3b507983638af344232e45f3dae3436 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red clay pipe bowl from H968. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e949d234d9004071af329973f068114e.png 63b3bcfe175b05b6c9a26e0ff6c94fe3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A red clay pipe from the Nomini plantation. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/e35bbd3779268ada52b596d6b2c0cb25.png 507d5c8bc5419aad630726a35bc3a153 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A red clay pipe from the Nomini plantation, https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/df8e3cfdac624856f92a0c21bf3c8eb5.jpg ae16f1974a8981bb1797e6c17503944d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A series of red clay pipe bowls from the Chesapeake region of Virginia. https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/anth1130/original/03bcdbf05c4523c224c9c83f061ec5e8.jpeg e2ab47a4b8362613bf57e7cc68d3e920 Archaeological Find Object Name Red Clay Pipe Bowl Inventory Description Friday, November 5, 2021, started like any other day. I arrived at the Harvard Yard site, Clover Coffee in hand, ready to dig. “God,” I said, like I say each day, indiscriminately, “where is my red clay pipe stem?” “You have a red clay pipe stem?!” Trish asked with excitement. “No, no, just hoping to find one.” I had prayed and hoped and wished for a pipe stem after the units near me started finding them, and lo and behold, they started coming out of the ground at H968. But then I learned that out there existed red clay pipe stems: like white clay pipe stems, but cooler and also they’re red. To find a red clay pipe stem would be exquisite. And then, like God appearing to Jacob in a dream, an inch-ish long piece of ceramic appeared in the screen. At first, I assumed because it was red and ceramic that it was probably a brick fragment — but the archaeology gods had different plans for me. Alas, there it was: not just a red clay pipe STEM, but a red clay pipe BOWL, with markings, too. In the excitement of the moment, I lost track of time and missed the bus I was supposed to take that afternoon to Cape Cod. As I sat in South Station waiting for the next bus, I started to investigate the origins of find. Did it come from Cambridge? From the Chesapeake region? From the kingdom of Heaven itself? On first glance, it seems likely that the pipe came from a local craftsman. Petrographic analysis shows that red clay pipes found in New England are often indeed made in New England (Capone and Downs). But, I was struck by the zig-zag rouletting around the face of the bowl. After some research on Chesapeake area red clay pipes, I’d like to venture a very specific origin: the Nomini Plantation in Westmoreland County, Virginia. In looking at and reading about red clay pipes from the Chesapeake region, I saw striking similarities in artifacts from the Nomini plantation. From Lukenbach and Kiser: “Banded bowls have a rouletted band around the center of the bowl — in some cases simply two parallel lines, in others the two parallel lines enclose a wider band of diagonal rouletting.” Above, see two examples from the Nomini Plantation next to my pipe bowl. Similar, no? Nomini pipes are also characterized by their unusually thin bodies, which mine has too. Its thickness, from the bottom of the curve to where the bowl breaks off, is only 0.6 cm. The thickness of the clay could not be more than 0.3 cm. Furthermore, red clay pipes by Algonquin craftsmen from the Chesapeake region have similar markings to those found at the Nomini Plantation and in my unit. See: https://chipstone.org/images.php/294/Ceramics-in-America-2006/Seventeenth-Century-Tobacco-Pipe-Manufacturing-in-the-Chesapeake-Region:-A-Preliminary-Delineation-of-Makers-and-Their-Styles , https://explore.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/show/layersofthepast/multiplenarratives/locally_made_pipes “Al Luckenbach and Taft Kiser Seventeenth-Century Tobacco Pipe Manufacturing in the Chesapeake Region: A Preliminary Delineation of Makers and Their Styles.” Chipstone, https://chipstone.org/images.php/294/Ceramics-in-America-2006/Seventeenth-Century-Tobacco-Pipe-Manufacturing-in-the-Chesapeake-Region:-A-Preliminary-Delineation-of-Makers-and-Their-Styles. Source shows different Chesapeake area colonial red clay pipes. Capone, Patricia & Elinor Downes. 2004. “Red Clay Tobacco Pipes: Petrographic Window into Seventeenth Century Economics at Jamestown, Virginia and New England.” In S. Lafferty & R. Mann (Eds). Smoking and Culture: The Archaeology of Tobacco Pipes in Eastern North America. “ Univ. of Tennessee Press. Source uses petrographic analysis to derive the origins of red clay pipes throughout the east coast. Jones, Brian. “Hollister Site Artifacts.” Office of State Archaeology, 28 Dec. 2017, https://osa.uconn.edu/home/recent/hollister/hollister-site-artifacts/#. Source shows a number of artifacts found in Wethersfield, CT. “University of Virginia Library Online Exhibits: Layers of the Past: Discoveries at Flowerdew Hundred.” Omeka RSS, https://explore.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/show/layersofthepast/multiplenarratives/locally_made_pipes. Source shows images of red clay pipes from Virginia. Peabody Number 2021.6.7 Intrasite H968, Level 7 Depth 60 cm Class 1 Ceramic Class 2 Pipe bowl Quantity 1 Height (cm) Dimension of Object 2.8 cm Width (cm) Dimension of Object 1.5 cm Depth/Thickness (cm) Dimension of Object .6 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Red Clay Pipe Bowl